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Primary Science 1 - Exam Revision Flashcards

0
Q

Energy - How does an object suddenly have a different type of energy?

A

Energy can’t be destroyed, energy is converted.

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1
Q

Energy - What are two main forms of energy?

A

Kinetic - moving

Potential - waiting

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2
Q

Energy - Explain an energy cycle where energy is being transformed/converted.

A

Food is prepared > child eats food > child has the energy to go play.

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3
Q

Energy - What are the main sources of energy?

A

Sun, Earth and Space.

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4
Q

Kitchen Chemistry - what are some safety precautions children should take?

A

Use small quantities, follow instructions carefully, be scientific and put things away.

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5
Q

Kitchen Chemistry - What are some hygiene practices children should follow?

A

Wash hands, clean and dry equipment, and clean up.

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6
Q

Kitchen Chemistry - What are some items that could be used as “chemicals”?

A

Bi-carb, baking soda, cream of tartar, lemon juice, vinegar, butter, cooking oil, salt, food colouring, milk, water, plain flour, sugar, gelatin, eggs, detergent and talcum powder.

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7
Q

Kitchen Chemistry - What could be used, from the kitchen, as tools for science activities and experiments?

A

Bottles, jars, balloons, straws, cotton wool, tissues, elastic bands, pegs, string, eye droppers, tubing, scissors, containers, cups, odds and ends, and the kitchen sink.

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8
Q

Kitchen Chemistry - What are some examples of senses, terms, chemicals and elements found in kitchen chemistry?

A

Burning - chilli, smelling of raspberries in yoghurt - violets, bubbles - carbon dioxide, emulsion - salad dressing, vinegar - wine gone sour, and carbon - partly burnt toast.

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9
Q

Kitchen Chemistry - Why do chemists add tea to milk?

A

When tea mixes with milk it’s chemicals breakdown the casein so adding tea to milk means less casein being broken down.

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10
Q

Kitchen Chemistry - If you bake bread, is the change from dough to bread chemical or physical and why?

A

Chemical as the change cannot be reversed.

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11
Q

Kitchen Chemistry - Similarly, if you melt chocolate, is the change physical or chemical?

A

Physical as the change can be reversed.

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12
Q

Kitchen Chemistry - Explain the significance of the numbers on a pH scale.

A

1 - 6 is acidic e.g. lemon juice is a 2.
7 is neutral e.g. water.
8 - 14 is base/alkaline e.g. sea water is 8-9, ammonia is 11-12.

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13
Q

Kitchen Chemistry - What are some examples of scientific activities children could do in the kitchen?

A

Testing for starch, how soap works, unseen movement, browning apple, frozen orange cubes etc.

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14
Q

Kitchen Chemistry - What are some investigations children could do that promote inquiry learning?

A

Changes of state, melting, dissolving, changes through cooking, science of eggs/meat/bread/spices, should beans be cooked with the lid on/off, why is salt added when cooking etc.

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15
Q

Chemistry - What is water made up of?

A

H2O - 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen molecule.

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16
Q

Chemistry - What is carbon dioxide made up of?

A

CO2 - 1 carbon and 2 oxygen molecules.

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17
Q

Chemistry - What is hydrogen peroxide made up of?

A

H2O2 - 2 hydrogen and 2 oxygen molecules.

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18
Q

Chemistry - What effect does carbon dioxide have on fire?

A

Carbon dioxide stops burning; it is denser than air.

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19
Q

Chemistry - Where do we find carbon dioxide, what is it and why is it useful?

A

Carbon dioxide is a gas that can be found in fire extinguishers as it is denser than air and stops the oxygen getting to the fire consequently putting the fire out. It is also what makes soft drink fizzy and what we exhale.

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20
Q

Electricity - What is the difference between current and static electricity?

A

Current - electrons pushed through conductors.

Static - electrons can’t move through insulators.

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21
Q

Electricity - What is the difference between a conductor and an insulator?

A

Conductors - allow the flow of electricity.

Insulators - stop the flow of electricity.

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22
Q

Electricity - What were the important discoveries made in 1750 and 1800?

A

1750 - two metals together have an unpleasant taste and cause muscle spasms in frogs.
1800 - first continuous electric shock from metal pairs in series (first battery).

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23
Q

Electricity - How can you compare water and electricity?

A

Both have a flow, a switch (on/off), somewhere to flow along, a source driving the flow, increased and reduced flow.

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24
Electricity - How many cells form a battery?
Two or more cells.
25
Electricity - How do cells connected in a series differ to those connected in parallel?
Cells are connected in parallel by wiring all negative terminals to each other and all positive terminals to each other, the total voltage is 1.5V (3x1.5V cells) but it will run three times as long.
26
Electricity - What are the differences in appearance in simple, series and parallel circuits?
Simple - one cell, one bulb, two wires - [*o] Series - one cell, two bulbs, three wires - [*oo] Parallel - one cell, two bulbs, four wires - [*o]o]
27
Electricity - Many symbols of objects in a circuit, apart from cells and switches, are represented by circles with different characters inside, how are they represented?
-vvv- is a light bulb A is an ammeter (measures current in amps) V is a voltmeter (measures potential difference in volts) +|I- is a cell |I|I|I is a battery o--o is a (closed) switch
28
Current Electricity - What is electricity primarily used for?
Power electric motors, and to provide light and heat.
29
Static Electricity - What is static charge?
Because insulators hold onto their electrons, when they gain or lose electrons they retain charge to those electrons.
30
Static Electricity - What is a good saying to remember to remind us that like charges repel?
Opposites attract.
31
Magnetism - What is Domain Theory of Magnetism?
Used to explain how magnets work - magnet is made up of atoms, when the atoms face the same direction magnetic forces occur.
32
Magnetism - What is some common knowledge in regards to magnetism?
Magnets attract magnetic materials. Like poles repel, opposites attract. Domain theory.
33
Newton's Laws - Explain Newton's first law.
An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
34
Newton's Laws - The first law is also known as the law of inertia, what is inertia?
Inertia is the property of an object that describes how much it will resist change to the motion of the object; more mass equals more inertia.
35
Newton's Laws - What is friction and list the four types?
A unbalanced force that acts on an object in motion by causing rubbing between the two surfaces, slowing it down. The four types are: sliding, rolling, fluid and static friction.
36
Newton's Laws - What does Newton's second law state?
That force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma).
37
Newton's Laws - What is force measured in?
Newtons
38
Newton's Laws - What is the acceleration of gravity?
9.8m/2 ^2
39
Newton's Laws - What is weight and what is it measured in?
Weight is a measure of the force of gravity on the mass of an object and is measured in Newtons.
40
Newton's Laws - What is the third law written by Newton?
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
41
Newton's Laws - What is an example of Newton's third law?
Road pushes on tyre, tyre pushes on road. | Rocket pushes on gases, gases push on rocket.
42
Newton's Laws - If the force applied to a ball by a bat is the action, what is the reaction?
The force the ball carries with it in motion to the bat.
43
Simple Machines - What is a machine?
A device that makes work easier.
44
Simple Machines - What is so important about simple machines?
All mechanical devices are based on the seven simple machines.
45
Simple Machines - How can work be made easier?
Transferring a force. Changing the direction of a force. Increasing the magnitude of a force. Increasing the distance of a force.
46
Simple Machines - What is work in a statement and as an equation?
Work is the movement of a force through a distance. | Work (Newton-metre) = Force (Newton) x Distance (metre)
47
Simple Machines - What is mechanical advantage and what are the two types?
What a machine produces when a small input produces a larger output. Actual MA - the MA you actually get from a machine when you use it taking into account friction. Theoretical MA - the MA you. Wild get from a machine if there was no friction.
48
Simple Machines - What are the seven simple machines?
``` Lever Pulley Wheel and Axle Inclined Plane Screw Threads Gears Wedges ```
49
Simple Machines - Explain what each of the seven simple machines are.
Lever - turns about a fixed point when a force is applied to overcome a load e.g. a crow bar. Pulley - grooved wheel that turns on an axle and changes the direction of a force e.g. flagpole. Wheel and Axle - large diameter (wheel) attached to a small diameter (axle) e.g. a steering wheel. Inclined Plane (ramps) - a titled surface/a slope with a base e.g. slide. Screw Threads - inclined plane in cylindrical form e.g. a screw. Gears - special wheels of different sizes with interlocking teeth e.g. old fashioned egg beater. Wedges - modification of an inclined plane where the V shape gives the wedge force e.g. door stop.
50
Sound - What is sound and what does it require to be heard?
Sound is a form of energy which makes it possible to hear speech, noise and music. It is vibrations and therefore needs a medium to travel through (solid, liquid or gas).
51
Wave Motion and Sound - How does sound travel?
Through air in longitudinal waves.
52
Wave Motion and Sound - What are the three main characteristics of sound?
Pitch - frequency: ear detects 20 - 20000Hz, 3000 - 4000Hz is best. Quality - timbre: two or more frequencies involved, fundamental is the lowest frequency. Intensity - volume: varies with distance and energy
53
Wave Motion and Sound - In a tuning fork, equal length prongs vibrate with the same frequency and send out identical waves, what occurs?
Loud and quiet regions occur - constructive and deconstructive interference.
54
Wave Motion and Sound - How fast is the speed of sound in air, warm air, water, steel and in a vaccum?
Air - 330m/s, faster in warmer air. Water - 1500m/s Steel - 5000m/s Vacuum - cant hear sound as there is nothing to vibrate!
55
Wave Motion and Sound - What is the Doppler effect?
When the frequency changes because the source of the sound is moving e.g. car.
56
Wave Motion and Sound - Explain the two types of waves.
Transverse - particles bob up and down during motion e.g. Mexican wave. Longitudinal - motion travels in the same direction as the particles e.g. compression waves on a drill.
57
Wave Motion and Sound - Describe the characteristics of a wave.
Crest - top of a wave. Trough - bottom valley of a wave. Wavelength - from the middle of one crest to the middle of the next crest. Amplitude - height from the mid line to the top of the crest. Frequency - the number of complete cycles in a given time.
58
Wave Motion and Sound - What are some common frequencies?
AC current from Swanbank is 50Hz (50 cycles per second). | B105 is 105MHz (105 million cycles per second).
59
Wave Motion and Sound - What is resonance?
Small pushes at fundamental frequencies that produce a large amplitude.
60
Wave Motion and Sound - What is a wave?
Bundles of energy with fixed velocity traveling through a medium.
61
Wave Motion and Sound - Explain the two kinds of interfence?
Constructive - waves moving together in phase; crests overlap causing an increase in amplitude. Deconstructive - waves moving together out of phase; crest overlaps a trough inducing a decrease in amplitude.
62
Curriculum - What years is studying sound specified in the curriculum?
Foundation - senses 1 - using our ears 5 - science inquiry skills 7 - elaborations on energy
63
Light and Colour - What is light?
Light is a form of energy that makes it possible to see.
64
Light and Colour - What is the order of colours in the electromagnetic spectrum?
``` Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet ```
65
Light and Colour - When discussing light, what are the three primary colours?
Red Green Blue
66
Light and Colour - What happens when light is shone at a mirror and what is the rule?
Light reflects back at the same angle - angle of incidence = angle of reflection.
67
Light and Colour - What is lights role in how we see objects?
There needs to be light in order for us to see the object and the colour depends on what colours from the EMS the object absorbs/reflects.
68
Light and Colour - How do homemade periscopes and shadow sticks work?
Periscopes use two plane mirrors at 45 degree angles to reflect the image to get it to our eye. Shadow sticks tell us the time depending on the shadow cast in relevance to the position of the sun.
69
Light and Colour - What is meant by the term refraction?
Refraction refers to the bending of light.
70
Light and Colour - How do we see colour?
Our retina contains not only rods but also cones. The cones are sensitive to colour. Black gives them no stimulation/white is all receptors receiving equal stimulation. We see things because the light is reflected off the object into our eyes.
71
Light and Colour - How can we see black and white objects?
Black objects - all colour is absorbed. | White objects - all colour is reflected.
72
Light and Colour - A red apple is sitting on the bench, how do we know it is red.
The apple absorbs all frequencies except for red, red light is reflected into your eye.
73
Optics - What is optics?
The study of light and optical instruments.
74
Optics - Explain the difference between convex and concave lenses.
Convex lenses converge parallel light. | Concave lenses diverge parallel light.
75
Optics - What is the difference between reflection and refraction?
Reflection is the way the light bounces back. | Refraction is the bending of light.
76
Optics - Glasses are optical instruments, how do glasses fix issues with sight?
The retina in your eye reacts to light and conveys information to the brain. Short-sighted is when far objects looked blurred; concave lens. Long-sighted is when near objects looks blurred; convex lens.
77
Heat - Recall the difference between solids, liquids and gases?
Solids - fixed volume, shape, particles close together. Liquids - assumes shape of part of container that it occupies, particles slide past each other. Gases - assumes shape and volume of container, lots of free space between particles.
78
Heat - How are solids, liquids and gases affected by heat?
They expand as the particles move quickly.
79
Heat - What is the difference between temperature and heat?
Heat - is a form of energy, measured in joules, that flows to colder objects. Temperature - measured with thermometer in degrees.
80
Heat - What are the three methods of heat transfer?
Conduction - solids - heat flows the colder object e.g. from warm hand to ice cube. Convection - liquids and gases - circulation of hot and cold fluids e.g. aircon. Radiation - heat travels through a vacuum e.g. sun to sun baker on the beach.
81
Ozone Depletion - What is an ozone layer and what does it do?
The ozone layer is a band of O3, 17-25km above Earth's surface.
82
Ozone Depletion - What does the ozone layer do?
Protects us from harmful rays.
83
Greenhouse Effect - Commonly confused with ozone depletion, what is the greenhouse effect?
The gases produced being trapped in the Earth's atmosphere.
84
Greenhouse Effect - What did the Greenhouse Effect's name derive from?
The greenhouse effect relates to a gardener's greenhouse that is warm even on cool days.
85
Greenhouse Effect - What are some changes due to the greenhouse effect?
Temperature rise, water temperature increase, rising sea levels and the retreating of glaciers.
86
Greenhouse Effect - What are some potential impacts if the greenhouse effect continues?
Rising of sea level - 30cm by 2100; will destroy low lying areas and cause population displacement. Extreme weather conditions. Species extinction. Altered disease patterns. Increased demand for electricity for cooling.
87
Greenhouse Effect - What are things we need to do to stop the greenhouse effect from continuing?
Break fossil fuel dependence: coal to gas, efficient energy use, renewable energy sources. Reduce deforestation: plant trees. Reduce nitrous oxide form cars and fertilizer.
88
Greenhouse Effect - What are some alternative sources of energy?
``` Geothermal Hydrogen Solar Wind Hydroelectric Biofuels Nuclear ```
89
Wave Motion and Sound - What is the chief characteristic of a wave and how can it be demonstrated in a classroom?
The chief characteristic of all mechanical wave motions if the transfer of energy without the transfer of matter. Demonstration - line of students standing together, push the first one and the end one moves.
90
Wave Motion and Sound - Why is it possible to distinguish between instruments playing the same note?
Instruments are of a different tone.
91
Optics - What glass object will cause the dispersion of light?
Glass prisms; split light into all the colours of the EMS.

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