Primary Prevention Flashcards
Define primary prevention.
Preventing disease / injury before it occurs.
List 2 examples of primary prevention.
1 - Immunisation programmes.
2 - Laws enforcing safety equipment at work.
Define secondary prevention.
Reducing the impact of disease / injury by preventing its development.
List 2 examples of secondary prevention.
1 - Screening programmes.
2 - Diet / exercise programmes to reduce risk of further health problems.
Define tertiary prevention.
Softening the impact of long term health effects.
List 2 examples of tertiary prevention.
1 - Rehabilitation programmes.
2 - Support groups.
Define health promotion.
- The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health.
- Usually the same as primary prevention, but sometimes impacts secondary and tertiary prevention.
List 3 differences between disease prevention and health promotion.
1 - Disease prevention uses a medical model, whereas health promotion uses a holistic model.
2 - Disease prevention targets specific diseases, whereas health promotion is more general, and the benefits are wider.
3 - Disease prevention only targets the groups at risk, whereas health promotion targets whole populations.
List 7 examples of health promotion.
1 - Drink driving campaigns.
2 - Tobacco control.
3 - Immunisation programmes.
4 - Screening programmes.
5 - Water fluoridation.
6 - Self management of disease.
7 - Healthy eating campaigns.
List 3 possible approaches to health promotion.
1 - Medical.
2 - Behavioural.
3 - Socio-environmental.
For each of the 3 approaches to health promotion, list two examples of diseases for which that approach is suitable.
Medical:
1 - Cardiovascular disease.
2 - High blood pressure.
Behavioural:
1 - Smoking.
2 - Poor diet.
Socio-environmental:
1 - Poverty.
2 - Pollution.
List 2 strategies that can be classified as behavioural health promotion.
1 - Health education.
2 - Public health policies (e.g. smoking ban).
List 2 strategies that can be classified as socio-environmental health promotion.
1 - Community development.
2 - Political action for societal change.
List 4 behaviour change theories / models that focus on individual behaviour.
1 - Health belief model.
2 - Stages of change model.
3 - Theory of planned behaviour.
4 - Precaution adoption process model.
What is the focus of the health belief model?
How perceptions of threat, and benefits of avoiding threat, contribute to health actions.
What is the focus of the stages of change model?
How various factors contribute to an individual’s readiness to change behaviour.
What is the focus of the theory of planned behaviour?
How attitudes and perceived norms contribute to behaviour.
What is the focus of the precaution adoption process model?
The journey from a lack of awareness to action and maintenance.
Give an example of a behaviour change theory / model that focuses on interpersonal behaviour.
The social cognitive theory.
What is the focus of the social cognitive theory?
How personal and environmental factors contribute to behaviour.
List 3 personal and environmental factors that contribute to behaviour according to the social cognitive theory.
1 - Capacility.
2 - Expectations.
3 - Self-efficacy.
List 5 factors that contribute to an individual’s perceptions of threat according to the health belief model.
1 - Perceived susceptibility.
2 - Severity.
3 - Benefits.
4 - Barriers.
5 - Self-efficacy.
List 3 behaviour change theories / models that focus on community behaviour.
1 - Community organisation theory.
2 - Diffusion of innovation theory.
3 - Communication theory.
What is the focus of the community organisation theory?
The practice of individuals and agencies collaborating and addressing issues deemed important and necessary within a given community.
List the advantages of community collaboration according to the community organisation theory.
1 - Community empowerment.
2 - Increases community capacity.
What is the focus of the diffusion of innovation theory?
How new ideas and practices spread within society.
List the factors that affect how new ideas and practices spread within a society according to the diffusion of innovation theory.
1 - Compatibility.
2 - Complexity.
3 - Trialability.
4 - Observability.
What is the focus of the communication theory?
How different types of communication affect behaviour.
List the stages of the intervention ladder.
1 - Do nothing.
2 - Provide information.
3 - Enable choice.
4 - Guide choice through disincentives.
5 - Guide choice through incentives.
6 - Guide choice through policies.
7 - Restrict choice.
8 - Eliminate choice.
List 5 health communication techniques to influence and promote conditions conducive to health.
1 - TV adverts.
2 - Billboards.
3 - Leaflets.
4 - Cigarette pack labels.
5 - Food labelling.
Define mutual aid.
Opportunities where people who share common problems can support each other.
List 3 examples of mutual aid.
1 - Alcoholics anonymous.
2 - Weight management.
3 - Cardiovascular rehabilitation.
List 3 examples of organisational changes that create environments to better enable people to make healthy choices.
1 - School healthy eating policies.
2 - No smoking policies.
3 - Workplace exercise programmes.
List the targets of each of the 3 approaches to medical health promotion.
1 - Medical: high risk individuals.
2 - Behavioural: High risk groups.
3 - Socio-environmental: High risk societal conditions.
What is the major advantage of population approaches as compared to high risk individual / group approaches?
Although there are only small changes at the individual level, the population benefit is substantial.
Give an example of a high risk individual / group approach to health promotion.
Give an example of a population approach to health promotion.
- High risk approach: cardiovascular risk screening.
- Population approach: North Karelia project.
What was the North Karelia project?
A population approach of health promotion among men in North Karelia to reduce smoking, cholesterol and blood pressure.
On a graph showing risk (x axis) and number of individuals in a population (y axis), how would the bell curve distribution be affected by:
1) A high risk approach?
2) A population approach?
1) A high risk approach would make the downward slope of the bell curve steeper / more concave.
2) A population approach would move the entire bell curve to the left.
What is the healthy town programme?
What specific changes might be made under the healthy town programme?
- A population approach of health promotion that brings about environmental changes in towns and residential areas.
- Specific changes include cycle lanes, safer home designs for the elderly and fast-food free zones.
Define choice architecture.
Any aspect of architecture that alters people’s behaviour in a way without eliminating any options or significantly changing their economic incentives.
What is the difference between legislation and policy?
- Legislation is enforced by law.
- Policy is a plan of action to guide adherence to legislation.
What is the difference between an interventionist and a libertarian?
- An interventionist would argue that the state should create freedom for individuals.
- A libertarian would argue that interventions by the state should be minimal.
List 3 examples of health-promoting legislation that were initially met by controversy but are generally accepted today.
1 - 1st PH Act, 1848, which gave the government power over water and sewage systems.
2 - Licensing act, 1872, which restricted pub opening times and prohibited children from drinking spirits in a pub.
3 - Seatbelt wearing mandatory, 1983.
Which groups of people respond more to price changes?
The poor and the young.
Define social capital.
The factors of effectively functioning social groups for example:
- Interpersonal relationships,
- A shared sense of identity, and
- Shared norms.
List 2 implementation issues of socio-environmental interventions.
1 - Generally more costly and difficult to implement than individual-level interventions.
2 - They are subject to shifting political / societal ideologies.
List 4 actions that should be taken by a doctor to promote health.
1 - Ask about lifestyle.
2 - Offer advice.
3 - Refer if necessary.
4 - Empower patients to self-manage chronic disease.
5 - Undertake public health research.
6 - Contribute to national reports.
What is a brief intervention?
A short, evidence-based, structured conversation about a patient’s behaviour.
