previous assignments

Question 1

which life cycle is found in green algae that share a most recent common ancestor with embryophytes

Answer 1

haplontic
haploid dominant, diploid phase is just zygote

Question 2

is it correct to say that bryophytes are older than tracheophytes?

Answer 2

no. bryophytes and tracheophytes share a most recent common ancestor so each lineage, bryophytes and tracheophytes, are equally old. both groups diverged at the same time.

Question 3

rank the following monophyletic groups from most inclusive to least inclusive (polysporangiophyte, embryophyte, green plant, tracheophyte)

Answer 3

1. green plant
2. embryophyte
3. polysporangiophyte
4. tracheophyte

Question 4

assuming earths atmosphere is not changing, what physical factor impacts the earth’s climate?

Answer 4

movements of continental plates impacts global productivity patterns, water and wind circulation, which can change earth’s climate

Question 5

what is the process by which plants draw CO2 out of atmosphere?

Answer 5

photosynthesis

Question 6

what is the impact of photosynthesis on the earth’s climate

Answer 6

cooling

Question 7

the theory of punctuated equilibrium refers to

Answer 7

geological time periods characterized by stability following shorter periods of rapid successive speciation

Question 8

the WGD radiation lag-time model rests on the assumption that:

Answer 8

WGD may be necessary but is not sufficient to a radiation
WGD would precede speciation
a change in selection forces occurs after the WGD occurred

Question 9

two positive outcomes from a duplicate gene

Answer 9

subfunctionalization, neofunctionalization

Question 10

“hidden traits” that are present in green algae are:
why would it be important for these traits in embryophyte land plants?

Answer 10

desiccation tolerance
symbiotic toolkit for making associations with microbes
signalling molecules for later phytohormones

Question 11

what are evolutionary benefits of HGT?

Answer 11

introduces new genetic material into an organism that couldn’t have been gained through purely vertical inheritance

Question 12

when did photosynthesis first evolve?

Answer 12

3000 MYA

Question 13

when did land plants evolve?

Answer 13

500 MYA

Question 14

first photosynthetic taxa on earth were

Answer 14

cyanobacteria

Question 15

the chloroplasts of green plants were once :

Answer 15

free-living cyanobacteria

Question 16

venn diagram of traits for GREEN ALGAE, LAND PLANTS, or BOTH: transpiration, swimming cells, anterhidia, cellulose wall, diplontic life cycle, haplontic life cycle, multicellularity, photosynthesis

Answer 16

LP
B
B
B
LP
A
B
B

Question 17

how is turgor pressure generated

Answer 17

cells accumulate ions, which causes the passive uptake of water into the cell causing them to swell

Question 18

one use of turgor pressure by plants:

Answer 18

open stomata, drive cell expansion, support plant body

Question 19

transpiration is:

Answer 19

passive loss or evaporation of water from a plant leaf through stomata to the air, which is replaced by molecules in a continuous stream through vascular tissue and reaching all the way to the roots

Question 20

2 properties of water that allows for transpiration

Answer 20

polarity of water molecule, cohesion to other water molecules, attraction to cell walls

Question 21

2 general characteristics of plant hormone:

Answer 21

operate in low concentrations, are synthesized in one location and operate at another, each have multiple funcitons of growth responses

Question 22

long term tracking of climate methods:

Answer 22

pollen cores in lakes, ice cores CO2 content/isotope content

Question 23

RegA gene impt in forming colonies in Vulvox but also used in univcellular Chlamy. why is RegA an example of evo. cooption?

Answer 23

not used for MC in chlamy, funciton of reducing cell division under stress. in volvox, then, it was coopted to promote cooperation

Question 24

unambiguous definition of a zygote:

Answer 24

single diploid cell that arose from the fusion of two haploid gametes and that will give rise to the embryo via mitosis

Question 25

what is currently accepted phylo reltshp btwn extant monosporangiophytes and polysporangiophytes

Answer 25

sister group

Question 26

name a plant lineage with isomorphic generations

Answer 26

rhynia, aglaophyton

Question 27

COSD and years

Answer 27

cambrian - 540-490 ordovician - 490-440 silurian - 440-410 devonian - 410-360

Question 28

why is WGD costly

Answer 28

maintaining duplicated genomes is costly in essential elements

Question 29

what is benefit of WGD

Answer 29

provides opportunities for functional gene innovations

Question 30

subfunctionalization:

Answer 30

following gene duplication, two copies complete their function in distinct tissues or at different times (temporal/spatial segregation of expression)

Question 31

antithetic theory of origin of land plants suggests:

Answer 31

this theory proposes that land plants arose from an ancestor with a diploid generation composed solely of the zygote and that embryophytes arose following the delay of meiosis, allowing the zygote to develop via mitotic divisions into an embryo and then sporophytes, which would ultimately undergo meiosis

Question 32

phylogenetic evidence supporting antithetic theory:

Answer 32

streptophyte algae compose a grade subtending the embryophytes and lack a sporophyte generation

Question 33

two alternative hypotheses regarding the phylogenetic position of taxa with isomorphic generations

Answer 33

- these grps precede the split btwn lineages with gphyte or sphyte dominated life cycles - mark transition btwn lineages with gphyte and sphyte dominated life cycles

Question 34

3 types of psynthetic appendages in land plants:

Answer 34

enation microphylls megaphylls

Question 35

3 components of the hyp proposed to reflect the origin of leaves of ferns and seed plants

Answer 35

branching - overtopping - planation - webbing

Question 36

which embryophyte lineage never established mycorrhizal associations

Answer 36

mosses

Question 37

WHICH IS TRUE? All heterosporous plants develop a bisexual haploid generation All heterosporous plants develop a unisexual haploid generation All heterosporous plants develop a unisexual diploid generation All heterosporous plants develop a bisexual diploid generation None of the above is correct

Answer 37

All heterosporous plants develop a unisexual haploid generation

Question 38

what is necessary for photorespiration to happen

Answer 38

water is limited plant closes stomata plant produces oxygen

Question 39

3 reasons support fungi being ideal partners for plants

Answer 39

fungi are heterotrophic filamentous & uniseriate body plan allows to mine spaces in soil and penetrate plant tissues large surface area

Question 40

name two major fungal lineages establishing mycorrhizal associations

Answer 40

ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, mucoronomycetes, glomeromycetes

Question 41

ploidy of nutritive tissue in angiosperm seeds is:

Answer 41

3N

Question 42

ovules are structures that develop into:

Answer 42

seeds

Question 43

combination of 3 traits that uniquely define tracheids:

Answer 43

dead at maturity, long and narrow, lignified

Question 44

two reasons why ability of early land plants to establish a mycorrhizal association may have been critical to colonization/diversification

Answer 44

early plants had no roots to penetrate and mine soil, soils were poorly developed

Question 45

bacteria fix nitrogen, meaning:

Answer 45

bacteria bind atmospheric nitrogen into molecules that are accessible to other species using nitrogenase enzyme

Question 46

WHICH ARE TRUE? a) All heterosporous plants develop seeds b) Only some heterosporous plants develop a seed c) Heterospory has evolved multiple time d) All seed-plants are heterosporous e)Progymnosperms are the earliest seedplants

Answer 46

b) Only some heterosporous plants develop a seed c) Heterospory has evolved multiple time d) All seed-plants are heterosporous

Question 47

WHAT PREVENTS BRYOPHYTES FROM A CQUIRING HETEROSPORY?

Answer 47

bryos have unbranching sporophyte, only one sporangia is created and no option for specialization of spores

Question 48

T/F: angiosperm pollen grain is haploid

Answer 48

TRue

Question 49

stomatal guard cells are considered ___ among land plants, and the ability to develop them was subsequently lost in the ancestor to embryophytes___ which universally lack stomata

Answer 49

ancestral, liverworts

Question 50

why do all tracheiphytes synthesize lignin but not all plants synthesizing lignin are tracheophytes

Answer 50

all tracheophytes have lignified tracheids, but some earlier plants synthesizing lignin had no tracheids and lignin was instead used in peripheral stem tissue/outer layers as pathogen protection or support

Question 51

HGT means:

Answer 51

horizontal refers to two diff species

Question 52

why do C4 plants do psynth better at lower CO2 concentration compared to C3 plants?

Answer 52

C4 plants initially bind CO2 using PEP carboxylase which doesn't bind oxygen and so we expect the CO2 compensation point to not depend so much on CO2 concentration in air. C4 plants can have positive net psynth even in low CO2 conditions.

Question 53

the part of the flower that gives rise to the fruit is the __ whereas the seed is formed from the ___

Answer 53

ovary, ovule

Question 54

tropics are a museum and a cradle meaning:

Answer 54

cradle: high rates of origination and diversification of species which is called the outof the tropics model. many lineages were born in the tropics museum: have generally low levels of extinction which preserves old lineages, which is called tropical conservatism. the tropics are also older than more northern areas because they have not been glaciated as recently and have had more time for speciation

Question 55

2 forms of evidence supporting dominance of grasses starting ~50mya

Answer 55

fossil evidence!! phytoliths pollen plant fragments presence of animals that eat grasses and their tooth architecture

Question 56

two traits of grasses that enhanced their success in dry habitats

Answer 56

large proportion of below ground biomass allows for survival after fires great capacity for clonal growth (tillers, rhizomes, stolons) C4 psynth helped them compete adaptation to fire

Question 57

in angiosperms the role of the LEAFY gene is:

Answer 57

turn on formation of reproductive axis, promotes floral meristem growth from vegetative growth

Question 58

ABC model of flower:

Answer 58

A = B = C = A+B = B+C= A+C= A+B+C=

Question 59

fading borders model of first angiosperms

Answer 59

gradual change between organs multiple whorls of each organ

Question 60

what would cause ancestral trait of entomophily to shift to anemophily

Answer 60

in an env with few insects if symbiotic insects population declined

Question 61

angiosperms first became dominant about __mya

Answer 61

125

Question 62

angiosperm terrestrial revolution means:

Answer 62

the way angiosperms quickly dominated terrestrial spaces because they are good competitors and could fill niches that hadn't yet been claimed. arrival followed a mass extinction, which had also opened up space for angiosperm expansion

Question 63

bifacial cambium is diagnostic of this lineage in land plants:

Answer 63

seed plants