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EEB3220 > previous assignments > Flashcards

previous assignments Flashcards

1
Q

which life cycle is found in green algae that share a most recent common ancestor with embryophytes

A

haplontic
haploid dominant, diploid phase is just zygote

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2
Q

is it correct to say that bryophytes are older than tracheophytes?

A

no. bryophytes and tracheophytes share a most recent common ancestor so each lineage, bryophytes and tracheophytes, are equally old. both groups diverged at the same time.

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3
Q

rank the following monophyletic groups from most inclusive to least inclusive (polysporangiophyte, embryophyte, green plant, tracheophyte)

A
  1. green plant
  2. embryophyte
  3. polysporangiophyte
  4. tracheophyte
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4
Q

assuming earths atmosphere is not changing, what physical factor impacts the earth’s climate?

A

movements of continental plates impacts global productivity patterns, water and wind circulation, which can change earth’s climate

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5
Q

what is the process by which plants draw CO2 out of atmosphere?

A

photosynthesis

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6
Q

what is the impact of photosynthesis on the earth’s climate

A

cooling

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7
Q

the theory of punctuated equilibrium refers to

A

geological time periods characterized by stability following shorter periods of rapid successive speciation

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8
Q

the WGD radiation lag-time model rests on the assumption that:

A

WGD may be necessary but is not sufficient to a radiation
WGD would precede speciation
a change in selection forces occurs after the WGD occurred

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9
Q

two positive outcomes from a duplicate gene

A

subfunctionalization, neofunctionalization

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10
Q

“hidden traits” that are present in green algae are:
why would it be important for these traits in embryophyte land plants?

A

desiccation tolerance
symbiotic toolkit for making associations with microbes
signalling molecules for later phytohormones

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11
Q

what are evolutionary benefits of HGT?

A

introduces new genetic material into an organism that couldn’t have been gained through purely vertical inheritance

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12
Q

when did photosynthesis first evolve?

A

3000 MYA

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13
Q

when did land plants evolve?

A

500 MYA

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14
Q

first photosynthetic taxa on earth were

A

cyanobacteria

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15
Q

the chloroplasts of green plants were once :

A

free-living cyanobacteria

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16
Q

venn diagram of traits for GREEN ALGAE, LAND PLANTS, or BOTH: transpiration, swimming cells, anterhidia, cellulose wall, diplontic life cycle, haplontic life cycle, multicellularity, photosynthesis

A

LP
B
B
B
LP
A
B
B

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17
Q

how is turgor pressure generated

A

cells accumulate ions, which causes the passive uptake of water into the cell causing them to swell

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18
Q

one use of turgor pressure by plants:

A

open stomata, drive cell expansion, support plant body

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19
Q

transpiration is:

A

passive loss or evaporation of water from a plant leaf through stomata to the air, which is replaced by molecules in a continuous stream through vascular tissue and reaching all the way to the roots

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20
Q

2 properties of water that allows for transpiration

A

polarity of water molecule, cohesion to other water molecules, attraction to cell walls

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21
Q

2 general characteristics of plant hormone:

A

operate in low concentrations, are synthesized in one location and operate at another, each have multiple funcitons of growth responses

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22
Q

long term tracking of climate methods:

A

pollen cores in lakes, ice cores CO2 content/isotope content

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23
Q

RegA gene impt in forming colonies in Vulvox but also used in univcellular Chlamy. why is RegA an example of evo. cooption?

A

not used for MC in chlamy, funciton of reducing cell division under stress. in volvox, then, it was coopted to promote cooperation

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24
Q

unambiguous definition of a zygote:

A

single diploid cell that arose from the fusion of two haploid gametes and that will give rise to the embryo via mitosis

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25
Q

what is currently accepted phylo reltshp btwn extant monosporangiophytes and polysporangiophytes

A

sister group

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26
Q

name a plant lineage with isomorphic generations

A

rhynia, aglaophyton

27
Q

COSD and years

A

cambrian - 540-490
ordovician - 490-440
silurian - 440-410
devonian - 410-360

28
Q

why is WGD costly

A

maintaining duplicated genomes is costly in essential elements

29
Q

what is benefit of WGD

A

provides opportunities for functional gene innovations

30
Q

subfunctionalization:

A

following gene duplication, two copies complete their function in distinct tissues or at different times (temporal/spatial segregation of expression)

31
Q

antithetic theory of origin of land plants suggests:

A

this theory proposes that land plants arose from an ancestor with a diploid generation composed solely of the zygote and that embryophytes arose following the delay of meiosis, allowing the zygote to develop via mitotic divisions into an embryo and then sporophytes, which would ultimately undergo meiosis

32
Q

phylogenetic evidence supporting antithetic theory:

A

streptophyte algae compose a grade subtending the embryophytes and lack a sporophyte generation

33
Q

two alternative hypotheses regarding the phylogenetic position of taxa with isomorphic generations

A
  • these grps precede the split btwn lineages with gphyte or sphyte dominated life cycles
  • mark transition btwn lineages with gphyte and sphyte dominated life cycles
34
Q

3 types of psynthetic appendages in land plants:

A

enation
microphylls
megaphylls

35
Q

3 components of the hyp proposed to reflect the origin of leaves of ferns and seed plants

A

branching - overtopping - planation - webbing

36
Q

which embryophyte lineage never established mycorrhizal associations

A

mosses

37
Q

WHICH IS TRUE?

All heterosporous plants develop a bisexual haploid generation

All heterosporous plants develop a unisexual haploid generation

All heterosporous plants develop a unisexual diploid generation

All heterosporous plants develop a bisexual diploid generation

None of the above is correct

A

All heterosporous plants develop a unisexual haploid generation

38
Q

what is necessary for photorespiration to happen

A

water is limited
plant closes stomata
plant produces oxygen

39
Q

3 reasons support fungi being ideal partners for plants

A

fungi are heterotrophic
filamentous & uniseriate body plan allows to mine spaces in soil and penetrate plant tissues
large surface area

40
Q

name two major fungal lineages establishing mycorrhizal associations

A

ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, mucoronomycetes, glomeromycetes

41
Q

ploidy of nutritive tissue in angiosperm seeds is:

A

3N

42
Q

ovules are structures that develop into:

A

seeds

43
Q

combination of 3 traits that uniquely define tracheids:

A

dead at maturity, long and narrow, lignified

44
Q

two reasons why ability of early land plants to establish a mycorrhizal association may have been critical to colonization/diversification

A

early plants had no roots to penetrate and mine soil, soils were poorly developed

45
Q

bacteria fix nitrogen, meaning:

A

bacteria bind atmospheric nitrogen into molecules that are accessible to other species using nitrogenase enzyme

46
Q

WHICH ARE TRUE?

a) All heterosporous plants develop seeds

b) Only some heterosporous plants develop a seed

c) Heterospory has evolved multiple time

d) All seed-plants are heterosporous

e)Progymnosperms are the earliest seedplants

A

b) Only some heterosporous plants develop a seed

c) Heterospory has evolved multiple time

d) All seed-plants are heterosporous

47
Q

WHAT PREVENTS BRYOPHYTES FROM A CQUIRING HETEROSPORY?

A

bryos have unbranching sporophyte, only one sporangia is created and no option for specialization of spores

48
Q

T/F: angiosperm pollen grain is haploid

A

TRue

49
Q

stomatal guard cells are considered ___ among land plants, and the ability to develop them was subsequently lost in the ancestor to embryophytes___ which universally lack stomata

A

ancestral, liverworts

50
Q

why do all tracheiphytes synthesize lignin but not all plants synthesizing lignin are tracheophytes

A

all tracheophytes have lignified tracheids, but some earlier plants synthesizing lignin had no tracheids and lignin was instead used in peripheral stem tissue/outer layers as pathogen protection or support

51
Q

HGT means:

A

horizontal refers to two diff species

52
Q

why do C4 plants do psynth better at lower CO2 concentration compared to C3 plants?

A

C4 plants initially bind CO2 using PEP carboxylase which doesn’t bind oxygen and so we expect the CO2 compensation point to not depend so much on CO2 concentration in air. C4 plants can have positive net psynth even in low CO2 conditions.

53
Q

the part of the flower that gives rise to the fruit is the __ whereas the seed is formed from the ___

A

ovary, ovule

54
Q

tropics are a museum and a cradle meaning:

A

cradle: high rates of origination and diversification of species which is called the outof the tropics model. many lineages were born in the tropics
museum: have generally low levels of extinction which preserves old lineages, which is called tropical conservatism. the tropics are also older than more northern areas because they have not been glaciated as recently and have had more time for speciation

55
Q

2 forms of evidence supporting dominance of grasses starting ~50mya

A

fossil evidence!!
phytoliths
pollen
plant fragments
presence of animals that eat grasses and their tooth architecture

56
Q

two traits of grasses that enhanced their success in dry habitats

A

large proportion of below ground biomass allows for survival after fires
great capacity for clonal growth (tillers, rhizomes, stolons)
C4 psynth helped them compete
adaptation to fire

57
Q

in angiosperms the role of the LEAFY gene is:

A

turn on formation of reproductive axis, promotes floral meristem growth from vegetative growth

58
Q

ABC model of flower:

A

A =
B =
C =
A+B =
B+C=
A+C=
A+B+C=

59
Q

fading borders model of first angiosperms

A

gradual change between organs
multiple whorls of each organ

60
Q

what would cause ancestral trait of entomophily to shift to anemophily

A

in an env with few insects
if symbiotic insects population declined

61
Q

angiosperms first became dominant about __mya

A

125

62
Q

angiosperm terrestrial revolution means:

A

the way angiosperms quickly dominated terrestrial spaces because they are good competitors and could fill niches that hadn’t yet been claimed. arrival followed a mass extinction, which had also opened up space for angiosperm expansion

63
Q

bifacial cambium is diagnostic of this lineage in land plants:

A

seed plants

EEB3220 (12 decks)

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