lecture 21 - gymnosperms + angiosperms

Question 1

early seed plants appeared first in___epoch which was around __mya and highly diversified in ____ epoch which was around ___mya

Answer 1

carboniferous, 360mya, jurassic, 200mya

Question 2

pollen grain is the ____

Answer 2

microspore

Question 3

microgametophyte in angio sperms is the:

Answer 3

4 cell structure that is germinated pollen grain
incl:
- 2 prothallial cells
- tube cell
- generatuve cell (forms 2 sperm nuclei)

Question 4

ovule is:

Answer 4

megasporangium and enclosed megaspore with enclosed megagametophyte with enclosed archegonia with eggs!!
AAAHHH!!!!

Question 5

integument

Answer 5

layers of sporophyte tissue around the megasporangium

Question 6

nutritive tissue in gymnosperms is the:

Answer 6

megagemtophyte

Question 7

seed

Answer 7

embryonic sporophyte, 2N seed coat, nutritive tissue
can go long periods of dormancy

Question 8

pollination

Answer 8

movement of pollen from one plant to another

Question 9

most gymnos are __ pollinated

Answer 9

wind

Question 10

strobili

Answer 10

cones

Question 11

fire adapted cone

Answer 11

only opens in heat of fire
require bare mineral soils for germinatoin

Question 12

3 groups of gymnos:

Answer 12

cycad
conifer
gingko
gnetophytes

Question 13

characteristic of angiosperms:

Answer 13

flowers
fruit
double fertilization

Question 14

2 main reasons for angiosperms high diversity:

Answer 14

better water use efficiency (vessel elements)
reproductive symbioses (animal interactions)

Question 15

describe process of double fertilization

Answer 15

pollen grain adheres to the stigma
pollen tube cell grows into the style. the generative cell travels inside the pollen tube. it divides to form two sperm. the pollen tube penetrates an opening of the ovule called a micropyle. one of the sperm fertilizes the egg to form the diploid zygote. the other sperm fertilizes two polar nuclei to form the triploid endosperm which will become food for the embryo

Question 16

carpel

Answer 16

defining angiosperm trait
enclosure of the ovules
allowed for evolution of fruits

Question 17

modification of carpel –>

Answer 17

different portions of the fruit (rind, flesh, core etc)

Question 18

aggregation/clustering of carpels –>

Answer 18

simple, multiple, aggregate, drupe etc

Question 19

what gave rise to carpel?

Answer 19

sporophylls folded inwards enclosing sporangia

Question 20

carpel includes:

Answer 20

ovary, style, stigma

Question 21

carpel vs pistil

Answer 21

pistil is whole structure, regardless of fusion
carpel is just one stigma, style, and ovary

pistils can have multiple carpels

Question 22

stigma

Answer 22

pollen reception
top of pistil
self-incompatibility recognition
talk between stigma and pollen

Question 23

style

Answer 23

supplies energy to grow pollen tubes
pollen tube compeition

Question 24

angiosperms grow pollen tube ___ than gymnosperms

Answer 24

WAAAAAY faster, like 100-1000x faster

Question 25

flower

Answer 25

determinant axis or branch for reproduction

petal, sepal can be modified for pollination

Question 26

fruit develops from the ___ and the seed develops from the ___

Answer 26

ovary, ovule

Question 27

wind vs animal pollinated flowers

Answer 27

wind: small, not brightly colored
animal: signals and rewards, color, pattern, scent, nectar

Question 28

seeds dispersed via:

Answer 28

wind
animal
water

Question 29

seeds requiring digestion to germinate:

Answer 29

require nutrients in poop to start seedling

Question 30

microgametophyte in gymno vs angio

Answer 30

gymno: 4 cells of pollen grain
angio: 2-3 cells of pollen grain

both germinate inside spore wall

Question 31

seeds in gymno vs angio

Answer 31

gymno: no enclosed, found on scales of cones
angio: enclosed inside ovary, and then fruit

Question 32

megagametophyte in gymno vs angio:

Answer 32

gymno: reduced compared to ferns, inside spore wall
angio: ultra reduced, only 7-8 cell embryo sac

Question 33

how many cotyledon in gymno vs angio?

Answer 33

gymno: many
angio: single (monocots)or a pair (dicots)

Question 34

ploidy of pollen grain

Answer 34

N

Question 35

ploidy of seed coat

Answer 35

2N

Question 36

ploidy of embryo

Answer 36

2N

Question 37

ploidy of nutritive tissue in angiosperms

Answer 37

3N

Question 38

if a flower is a modified branch, petals are modified

Answer 38

leaves

Question 39

seed plants evolved about ___ MYA

Answer 39

350

Question 40

angiosperms evolved about ___ MYA

Answer 40

150