previous Flashcards
29-year-old female complains of dysphagia for liquids and solids, and difficulty belching. She states 3 months ago a physician prescribed her pills for this problem which helped, but the symptoms progressively returned and now are severe. A barium test reveals a distended of esophagus with a “bird beak” appearance of LES. The study demonstrates a smooth contour of the mucosa. What is most likely associated with the patients problem?
Malfunction or absence of the NO-containing neurons from the myenteric plexus of the distal esophagus
When injecting high doses of insulin into a patient with a hyperglycemic state, what should be recovered along with the insulin administration?
Potassium
Receptive relaxation of the stomach is abolished by
vagotomy
Type I diabetes may be caused by
autoimmune processes
The action potential’s depolarization phase generated by the gastric pacemaker cells is due to the activation of
Ca++ channels
A patient in a fasting state of over 24 hours will present with what metabolic reaction?
Suppressed Glycogenesis
Emptying gastric contents into the small intestine is strictly controlled. What accurately describes the velocity of gastric emptying?
Lower pH in the stomach results in a slower rate of emptying
What is an action of cortisol?
Increase protein catabolism
In an adult male, the duodenum mucosal release of CCK was not working properly, which phase of pancreatic secretion would be interfered with?
Intestinal phase
A normal person is given an injection of aldosterone. This causes
Increase potassium excretion
What pair of hormones regulate pancreatic secretion and act synergistically?
H+, Enterokinase, Trypsin
A patient with Cushing’s disease will have high
glucose levels
What plays the physiologically most important role in the inhibition of gastric secretion?
Acidification of the pylorus
A patient comes to your office complaining of headache and swelling of his feet. When taking labs you identify high levels of aldosterone. What is consistent with hyperaldosteronism?
hypernatremia
The up-hill transport of glucose from the intestinal lumen into the absorbing cells depends on
sodium-dependent glucose transporter
The effects of parathyroid hormone on absorption of calcium in the gastrointestinal tract are mediated by
increase production of 1,25-(OH)2 [Vitamin D]
What most accurately describes the mechanism of amino acids uptake from the intestinal lumen?
cross the mucosal membrane by a secondary active transport process requiring the Na+ gradient
A person has had his parathyroid glands removed accidentally during neck surgery. What would be observed?
Decrease urinary excretion of phosphate
Actions of 1,25-(OH)2- Vitamin D include?
Increase absorption of calcium in the gastrointestinal track
A 46-year-old female has history of epigastric pain which is not periodic and not related to meals. It is relieved by antacids. She also has diarrhea and steatorrhea. Basal HCl secretion rate after an overnight fast was 25 mEq/hour, and this could be increase to 40 mEq/hour by the augmented histamine test. Radiological exam shows a gastric ulcer. An increased level of “gastrin-like” substance found in her plasma. Following surgical removal of a pancreatic tumor, her epigastric pain and diarrhea disappeared and her acid secretion was ____. What would be expected as a consequence of high plasma levels of “gastin-like” substance?
Pancreatic enzyme activation was severely reduced in the duodenum
In a patient suffering from secondary hyperparathyroidism, you would expect to find
Low levels of Ca++ in plasma
In a 44-year-old patient with pernicious anemia related to atrophy of the gastric mucosa, you would most likely find
Deficit in HCl secretion
What is true regarding spermatogenesis?
FSH stimulates sertoli cell for maturation
The ileum is the principal site for absorption of
bile salts
During fetal development, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is responsible for?
maturation of external genitalia
A 50-year-old female comes to your office complaining that her last menstrual cycle was 3 months ago. You assume the patient is going through menopause and you explain the importance of Estrogen actions. What is true of the actions of estrogen?
Increase alveolar breast development
A 52-year-old male complains of burning epigastric pain that decreases after a meal only to appear again 3 hours after eating. Endoscopy reveals normal stomach function and the presence of duodenal ulcers. Gastric HCl secretion is likely to be reduced by?
Blocking histamine receptors
A 52-year-old male complains of burning epigastric pain that decreases after a meal only to appear again 3 hours after eating. Endoscopy reveals normal stomach function and the presence of duodenal ulcers. What treatment could be used to reduce Gastric HCl secretion?
Blocking proton pump
In a women in her 40s or 50s you recommend hormone therapy and Ca++ supplement because during menopause
The absence of estrogen promotes the bone resorption
During the 2nd and 3rd trimester, the main source of estrogen production is?
the placenta
An example of positive feedback mechanism could be explained by
correlation of FSH and estrogen during the menstrual cycle
A 30-year-old female complains of constant headaches. Labs reveal a prolactin level of 250 ug/mL (normal range is 2.2-19.3 ug/mL). Head CT shows a 3mm microadenoma. You would recommend treatment with?
A dopamine agonist
During the third trimester, pregnant woman develop adema. This can be explained by?
increase capillary hydrostatic pressure in the legs
Growth hormone is most directly inhibited by
somatostatin
A pregnancy nears completion, the uterus becomes very sensitive to oxytocin due to?
uterine prostaglandin synthesis
Excess tyroxine administration would most likely?
Increase GI motility
A 26-year-old male with a three year history of progressive dysphagia. He started with feeling of pressure in the __ternal notch after swallowing any solid food. But in the last 6 months it has been continuous with every meal. He refers regurgitation when lying down and heart. Xray shows dilated esophagus with smooth narrowing of the distal esophagus without evidence of intraluminal mass in the esophagus or stomach. An air-fluid level is seen. What disorder is the most likely cause of these findings?
Alchalasia
Dopamine therapy is contraindicated in lactating women because it:
inhibits prolactin secretion
If you wished to distinguish between primary (thyroid) and secondary (pituitary) causes in a confirmed case of hypothyroidism, you should measure plasma
Plasma TSH
The milk let-down during ejection is due to:
suction of the nipples and stimulation of oxytocin
A dietary deficiency of iodine with increase the ___metabolic rate
T3
Fatty acids are absorbed at the brush border membrane of the GI tract by:
Simple diffusion
A 30-year-old patient is at the end of the 1st trimester of pregnancy. Her HR is 70 bpm, BP is 110/68. The patient presented nausea and vomiting almost every morning during the first 9 weeks causing her to lose 3 lbs of weight. Now she said she feels very well. What hormones released during pregnancy reaches its maximal peak of secretion during the first trimester?
hCG
