Preventive Measures and Control Flashcards
Disease Prevention and Control is Interrupting or slowing the progress of the disorder or reducing the disability. According to who?
World Health Organization (2004)
__________ the likelihood of disease or disorder that will affect an individual.
Reducing
Objectives of Prevention and Control is to Reduce the magnitude of disease by?
Prevent the occurrence
Arrest progress
Reduce consequences
What’s the difference between Prevention vs Treatment vs Reducing?
Prevention: Vaccination, Hygiene
Treatment: Medication
Reducing: Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy.
The extent to which something deals with or applies to something else.
PREVENTION AND CONTROL
Any harmful deviation from the normal structural or functional state of an organism, generally associated with certain signs and symptoms and differing in nature from physical injury.
Diseases/Health Problems
This type of disease is infectious.
Communicable Disease
This type of disease is lifestyle disease or chronic disease.
Non-communicable Disease
This type of disease are the abrasion, fracture, mental, terrible where the events are abuse, natural disasters, etc.
Injury or Trauma
This type of disease involves stress.
Mental Health
How to know your mental health is in Good condition?
He or she can realize ability
He or She ability to cope up with normal stresses of life
He or she is productive
He or she can contribute to the community.
The range of personal. Social, economic and environmental factors that influence health status.
Health Determinants
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH FALL UNDER SEVERAL BROAD CATEGORIES
Policy Making
Social Factor
Healthcare Services
Individual Behavior
Biology and Genetics
This determinant of health is the Policies at the local state, and federal level effect individual and population health.
Policy Making
This determinant of health is also known as physical or social determinants. Reflect the social factors and physical conditions of the environment in which people are born, live, learn, play, work, and age.
Social Factors
This determinant of health gives Both access to health services and the quality of health services can impact health.
Health Services
medication to prevent disease; commonly injected for immune disease patient
Chemoprophylaxis
The extent of the area or subject matter that something deals with or to which it is relevant.
Scope of Prevention and Control
Individual or Community-Wide
chemoprophylaxis, immunization, and health education
Individual
Individual or Community-Wide
provision of safe water/proper excreta disposal, health projects and programs
Community-wide
Community Objectives
Elimination
Eradication
cases of disease no longer exist but one or more factors important in its occurrence still persist. (ex. Polio)
Elimination
cases of disease and the agent of disease have been eliminated; transmission of the causative agent have stopped in an irreversible manner (ex. Smallpox)
Eradication
Is the course a disease takes in individual people from its pathological onset (“inception”) until its eventual resolution through complete recovery or death.
Natural History of Disease
States that an external agent can cause diseases on a susceptible host when there is a conducive (stimulates or enhances) environment.
Disease Causation Model
Successful prevention depend upon:
Knowledge of causation
Dynamics of transmission
________ refers to any forces or properties which stimulates the growth, development, or change.
Dynamics
Identification of risk factors and risk groups.
Identify hazards
Characterize the risk
Stages in Natural History of Disease
Stage of Susceptibility
Stage of Subclinical Diseases or Asymptomatic Stage
Stage of Clinical Disease
Stage of recovery disability or death
- Proportion of individual na infected
- Refers to the proportion of exposed persons who become infected
Infectivity
- May symptoms
- Refers to the proportion of infected individuals who develop clinically apparent disease.
Pathogenicity
- Severe or fatal
- Refers to the proportion of clinically apparent cases that are severe or fatal.
Virulence
Period between exposure to exhibiting symptoms
Incubation period
Difference between Latency and Incubation Period.
Latency Period - Non-communicable diseases
Incubation Period - Communicable diseases
The onset of symptoms is marked from?
stage of clinical disease
Spectrum of diseases
Mild
Severe
Fatal
SOME DISEASES WOULD NEVER PROGRESS TO?
CLINICAL DISEASE
PREVENTABLE CAUSES OF DISEASE
Biological factors and Behavioral factors
Environmental factors
Immunologic factors
Nutritional factors
Genetic factors
Services, Social factors and Spiritual factors
Chain of infection from having clinically inapparent symptoms to clinically acquired symptoms
(gradient of infection)
Model for the transmission of infectious disease that links the factor of agent, host, and environment that are responsible for this transmission.
Epidemiological Triad
Human capable of developing disease/ an organism, usually human or animal, that harbors the disease.
Host
Biological organisms capable of causing disease/ the cause of the disease.
Agent
It enhances or diminishes your agent. The favorable; Has 2 functions
Environment
Living organism or inanimate ,a matter in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies on which the agent depends primarily for survival and reproduces in such a manner that it can be transmitted to a susceptible host.
Reservoir
incubation periods. Life expectancy of the gist or pathogens, duration if the course of illness or condition.
Time
Represent all sufficient causes of a particular disease.
An individual factor that contributes to the cause is shown as a piece of a pie. After all the pieces of a pie fall into place, the pie is complete and disease occurs.
Casual Pie
If a disease cannot develop in its absence.
Necessary Cause
A cause is termed sufficient when it inevitably produces or initiates a disease.
Sufficient Cause
Any conditions which are necessary for the completion of a sufficient cause.
Component Cause
How to do Risk Assessment
Identify population at high risk
Assess exposure
Research on causal mechanism
Combination of program elements or strategies designed to produce behavior changes or improve health health status among individuals or an entire population.
Intervention
Intervention steps
Apply intervention
Evaluation intervention
Modify intervention strategies
Examples of Modify intervention strategies
Health promotion campaign
Educational program
New and stronger policies
Improving environment
Health Promotion, control exposure, genetic testing and psychosocial support and early detection (Screening)
Apply Intervention
Incidence vs Prevalence
Incidence - new cases
Prevalence - new and existing cases
Measure change in risk and monitor incidence/prevalence, stage of diagnosis, and use of healthier lifestyle and prevention practices.
Evaluate Intervention
Level of prevention: national policies
Primordial
Level of prevention: we want to prevent the occurence then reduce incidence.
Primary
Level of prevention: arrest the progress by reducing prevalence.
Secondary
Level of prevention: prevent the complications by reducing the case fatality rate.
Tertiary
Relatively new concept, receiving special attention in the prevention of chronic diseases. Involves development and implementation of policies/guidelines to prevent risk factor development.
Primordial Prevention
Primordial Prevention Goal: To avoid the _____________________ of the social economic and cultural patterns of living known to contribute to elevated risk of disease.
emergence/establishment
Example of Primordial Prevention
Comprehensive policies to discourage smoking. Programs to promote regular physical activity.
Prevention of disease before its onset. Lowering the occurrence of the event.
Primary Prevention
Primary Prevention Goal: Reduce the __________ of disease.
incidence
Primary Prevention Objectives:
Control risk factors
Remove the precipitating causes and disease determinant
Eliminating or reduce host susceptibility.
Primary Prevention Strategies: Specific protection and health __________.
promotion
destruction of all forms of life
Sterlization
elimination of defined scope of microorganism and some bacterias pores.
Disinfection
Early and asymptomatic detection AND REMEDIATION OF CERTAIN DISEASES AND CONDITIONS.
Secondary Prevention
Secondary Prevention’s Goal: To reduce the _________ of disease.
prevalence
Secondary Prevention Objectives: To ________ and cure disease at its earliest stage; To reduce the more serious consequences of disease
detect
Secondary Prevention Strategies: ______ detection/diagnosis; prompt treatment
Early
Tertiary Prevention is preventing consequences through?
Re-educating, retraining, and rehabilitating with patients that have disabilities.
Prevent or minimize complications after overt clinical diseases are manifest.
Tertiary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention Goal: To reduce?
CFR (Clinical Fertility Rate)
Tertiary Prevention Objectives: To reduce the ________ or complications of established disease
progress
Tertiary Prevention Strategies: Treatment and ____________
Rehabilitation
separation for the period of communicability. (Nakakahawa)
Isolation
Limitation of movement of a well person for a period not longer than incubation period.
Quarantine
FACTORS AFFECTING SUCCESS OF PREVENTIVE AND CONTROL MEASURES
Resources
Acceptance of measure by population (laging kalaban: religion, customs, beliefs)
Features of the infectious agent, disease, host (infectious disease)
Preventive Measures:
Agent when in the reservoir
Eliminate reservoir (destroy)
Reduce communicability
Limit movement (Isolation/Quarantine)
Behavioral changes
Preventive Measures:
Agent when in transit to a new host
Chemical control
Environmental control
Biological control
Preventive Measures:
Agent when in transit to a new host
Provision of safe and adequate water
Proper sewage and water disposal
Food and dairy sanitation
Disinfection
Cleaning
insects, arthropods and animals
Vectors (animate)
air water food utensils
Vehicles (inanimate)
