Introduction to Community and Public Health Flashcards
Clinical Public health (origin)
UP Manila
Health came from the word Hal which means?
“hale, sound, whole.”
Health is “State of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” according to?
World Health Organization 1947
What are the Multi Dimensional Equilibrium?
Physical
Mental
Social
Political
Economical
Spiritual
What is this shortcoming of WHO’s definition: constantly changing (instead of state because it is a stagnant concept).
Dynamic
What is this shortcoming of WHO’s definition: political, economical, and spiritual.
Insufficient Dimensions
What is this shortcoming of WHO’s definition: (should be objective)
Subjective
What is this shortcoming of WHO’s definition: unrealistic
Idealistic
What is this shortcoming of WHO’s definition: not an end product
Means or a process
What is this shortcoming of WHO’s definition: rather than an individual level
Community level construct
Who said this?
“Means to achieve desirable goals in life while maintaining a multidimensional equilibrium that is operationalized for individuals as well as for communities.”
Sharma and Romas (2012)
Group of individuals who share common interests and characteristics.
Community
Individuals are bound each other by:
Social
Religious
Ethnic
Occupational
Other characteristics that community have in common:
Geographical
Historical heritage
Similar experiences
Values or concerns
Rules
Areas of densely settled territory with 50,000 or more people.
Urbanized Areas
Areas of densely settled territory with at least 2,500 people but fewer than 50,000 people.
Urban Clusters
All territory, population, and housing units located outside urbanized areas and urban clusters.
Rural
Community Health is the Health status of the community. According to who?
Green and Ottoson (1989)
Community health Organized responsibilities of the following:
Public health
School health
Transportation
Safety and
Tax supported functions
In community health, ________ and _______ actions happens to promote and protect the health of local populations identified as communities.
voluntary
private
This function of community health entails health education and creation of an environment conducive to good health.
Promotion
Give 2 examples of protection, a function of community health.
Water purification
Environmental sanitation
Use for drug safety
Good hygiene
Preservation of air quality
Food hygiene
This function of community health is related to activities that reduce harmful effects of environmental hazard.
Protection
This function of community health Prevent and control illness and maintain the maximum functioning of groups.
Maintenance
Organized community efforts by the governmental and nongovernmental sectors.
Public Health
- Future of Public Health
- Organized community efforts by the governmental and nongovernmental sectors.
- To prevent disease and promote good health within groups of people, from small communities to entire countries.
These are all according to?
Institute of Medicine (1988)
The 8 functions of public health is according to?
Charles Edward and Amory Winslow
Complete the sentence (function of public health):
__________ of the emergence of diseases.
Surveillance
Complete the sentence (function of public health):
Identification of diseases among ________________.
community members
Complete the sentence (function of public health):
____________ factors that contribute to the existence of diseases.
Investigating
Complete the sentence (function of public health):
Educating the community regarding ways that will _______ them from acquiring the diseases.
prevent
Complete the sentence (function of public health):
__________ of strategies that will ensure sustained well-being among the community.
Creation
Complete the sentence (function of public health):
__________ of health services address community members who are having disease or recuperating from complications of disease.
Provision
Complete the sentence (function of public health):
_____________ lessons learned through policies and structures will prevent the occurrence of similar or other diseases.
Institutionalize
Complete the sentence (function of public health):
___________ the health status of the community and providing means that will sustain health and well-being.
Monitoring
Health status of people who may or may not identify themselves as a community and the efforts and conditions directed toward that group by means that may or may not be organized.
Population Health
Population health is Group of people sharing common _______________ living in the same community.
characteristics
Multiple nations – _____________
All nations – global health
international health
Global health is the study of health problems and solutions affecting all people of the world, according to who?
Sharma and Atri (2010)
International health is a systematic comparison of the factors that affect the health of all human populations. Said by who?
Paul Basch (1999)
International health is the science and art of examining health problems in multiple countries, primarily those that are developing, and finding population-based solutions to their problems.
Sharma and Atri (2010)
According to WHO (1998) this is the consciously constructed opportunities for learning involving some form of communication designed to improve health literacy, including improving knowledge, and developing life skills, which are conducive to individual and community health.
Health Education
Health education is a subset of? and under the?
health promotion
environmental efforts
Health education is the means of facilitating voluntary ________________ change to achieve good health.
health behavior
True or False. Health Education is an essential component of CPH.
True
Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health. According to who?
Ottawa Chapter for Health Promotion (WHO 1986)
Difference of Health Promotion with Health Education.
Consists of organizations, policies, and environmental efforts for impairing good health.
essential health care made accessible at a cost a country and community can afford with methods that are practical, scientifically sound, and socially acceptable. What is this and who gave the meaning?
Primary Health Care
By World Health Organization (1978)
Primary Health Care consonance with ____3____ of CPH.
goals
mission
approaches
Primary Health Care is defined by WHO as a type of care that __________ must have access to and must be involved in.
everyone
What are the different types of health care?
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
This type of Medicine is the art and science of health promotion, disease prevention, disability limitation and rehabilitation.
PREVENTIVE MEDICINE
Clark and Macmabon (1981)
Preventive Medicine’s main goal is PREVENTION by establishing _____________ to have behavioral voluntary change.
interventions
A field of medicine that works to understand how social and economic factors affect health and illness so that societal conditions can be created that foster good health.
SOCIAL MEDICINE
A branch of medicine that deals with populations, as opposed to individuals, and that provides health care at the community level.
COMMUNITY MEDICINE
Community Medicine aims to __________ health needs in a community and plan, implement, evaluate health measures addressing the identified problem.
identify
For the Community Medicine’s goal to work it needs a?
Feedback system to determine effectiveness if implemented plans.
Medicine VS CPH: Concern
Medicine: Individual
CPH: Community
Medicine VS CPH: Focus
Medicine: Treating diseases
CPH: Preventing disease and promoting good health
Medicine VS CPH: Responsibility
Medicine: Patient is freed of responsibility
CPH: Community members participate in finding to solution to the problems
Medicine VS CPH: Basic Sciences
Medicine: Anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pathology, pharmacology, microbiology
CPH: Biostatistics, epidemiology, social and behavioral sciences, managerial sciences, and environmental health
Medicine VS CPH: Priority
Medicine: Helping one patient, no matter how expensive it may be
CPH: Dealing with conditions that will benefit a large member of individuals in the community
Medicine VS CPH: Cost
Medicine: High - for an individual patient the cost may go to a million dollars or more
CPH: Low - per capital cost is much less
Medicine VS CPH: Technology
Medicine: Usually sophisticated
CPH: Usually local and simple
Medicine VS CPH: Commercialization
Medicine: More
CPH: Less
What are the Biological Factors?
Age distribution
Gender distribution
Genetic makeup distribution
Immunity status
Signs are subjective while symptoms are?
Objective
Overt actions that have a specified frequency, intensity, and duration.
Behavior
Types of Behavioral Actions
Prevalence of health behaviors
Prevalence of unhealthy behaviors
What are the Social Factors?
Economic conditions
Occupational distribution
Political milieu
physical or social settings distributing to the occurrence
Political milieu
Refers to all beliefs attributed to a particular social, ethnic, and age group
Culture
What are the Cultural Factors?
Religion
Racial and ethnic people
Dictums means?
beliefs
Example of Dictums
Jehovah’s Witness
__________ organizations can make and enforce laws and policies to achieve good health
Well-organized
What are the Organizational Factors?
Ways and extents of organization with the community
Health care
Housing
Education
This factor is the Final level of influence. It affects not only the present generation but also the future generations.
Environmental Factors
What are the Environmental Factors?
Quality of air
Quality of environmental sanitation
Quality of water supply
Quality of food
Protect against radiation
Protection against noise pollution
What are the current challenges confronting community and public health?
Chronic Diseases
Infectious Diseases
Leading causes of death in 2009:
Heart disease
Cancer
Stroke
Chronic lower respiratory diseases
Challenge of Chronic Diseases in CPH?
to develop interventions by means of health education and promotion.
Challenge of Infectious Diseases in CPH?
reemergence
2 major problems in Strengthens local and state health departments
understaffed and underfunded
NOTE
- Strengthen mental health programs and services
- Strengthens local and state health departments
- Adequate training of community and public health professionals
