prevention-reducing risk through lifestyle and diet

Question 1

What factors attribute to cancer?

Answer 1

Tobacco, diet, obesity/overweight, occupation, radiation, infection, lack of physical activity, lack of children/breastfeeding, exposure to post-menopausal hormones

Question 2

what are direct and indirect effect of diet on cancer?

Answer 2

Direct: components that increase/decrease risk of cancer eg red /processed meat increase cancer
Indirect: involves the balance of diet?

Question 3

Difference of blocking agents and suppressing agents?

Answer 3

Blocking agents: Block tumour initiation by preventing metabolic activation so leads to detoxification of carcinogens
Suppressing agents: act on later stages so in development of primary tumour and metastatic transformation

Question 4

What is the effect of obesity in cancer?

Answer 4

Promotes primary tumour growth, metastasis and can change the tissue composition to make a microenvironment suitable for cancer

Question 5

benefits of physical activity

Answer 5

Decreases hormone levels of insulin and estrogen

decreases inflammation

Question 6

Effects of chronic ethanol consumption? theres 7

Answer 6

production of acetaldehyde,
induction of oxidative stress and conversion of procarcinogens to carcinogens,
induction of dna hypomethylation by depletion of SAMe,
induction of GI proteins and Erk-MAPK signaling,
accumulation of iron and associated oxidative stress,
inactivation of brca1 + increased estrogen responsiveness(in breast),
impairment of retinoic acid metabolism

Question 7

Challenges in studies of diet/lifestyle factors

Answer 7

Dietary patterns/ food types change over time

Interactions between foods can be difficult to isolate

Question 8

cancer prevention strategies

Answer 8

Education of general public, HPV and Hep B vaccine, control occupational hazards, reduce exposure to sunlight, quit smoking smoking, healthy diet, exercise, clean water supply