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Y3 MOD Reproductive > Prevention and treatment of neonatal ruminant disease > Flashcards

Prevention and treatment of neonatal ruminant disease Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 5 interlinked perinatal physiological problems that can occur in ruminant neonates?

A
  • Inactivity/lethargy
  • Hypothermia
  • Hypoxaemia
  • Acidosis
  • Hypoglycaemia
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2
Q

Define congenital abnormalities

A

Abnormalities in structure or function present at birth

Aetiology: genetic or environmental

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3
Q

Name some examples of congenital abnormalities in calves

A
  • Patent ductus arteriosus
  • Ventricular septal defects
  • Patent urachus
  • Dwarfism
  • Polydactyly
  • Cataract
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4
Q

What is the most common cause of perinatal maladaption?

A

Dystocia

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5
Q

What 3 maladaptation’s occur due to dystocia?

A

Respiratory
Metabolic
Physical

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6
Q

What is the end result of dystocia maladaptation’s?

A

Acidosis and hypoxemia

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7
Q

What are the consequences of dystocia maladaptation’s?

A

Failure to nurse and reduced antibody absorption → failure of passive transfer

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8
Q

How can maladaptation’s be diagnosed in calves?

A
  • Stethoscope and thermometer!
  • Blood gases: not very practical
  • Time to sternal recumbence: should be less than 5 minutes. If > 9 minutes - increased risk of death
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9
Q

Describe the ABC of resuscitation

A
  • Airway: Intubate, sternal recumbency, pull tongue out
  • Breathing: Ambubag, blow down tube
  • Circulation: fluids
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10
Q

What are some other resuscitation techniques?

A
  • Cold water down the ear
  • Rub with straw
  • Acupuncture point on philtrum (GV26)
  • Doxapram hydrochloride (2-5 mL) – sublingual drops, s.c. or IV
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11
Q

Calves are born immunologically naïve so what comonents must colostrum contain?

A
  • Fat (50% more) and protein (4x more than normal milk)
  • Immunoglobulins (~80% of protein)
  • Vitamins (<8x more) and minerals (2-20 x more)
  • Immune cells
  • Others: growth factors, enzymes, cytokines
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12
Q

30% of dairy calves in UK receive inadequate immunoglobulin transfer …. WHY?

A
  • High genetic merit dairy cows have poor quality colostrum: Dilution effect so calf needs more
  • Conformation: big teats etc.
  • Supervision: 34% of calves don’t suck within 6 hours.
  • Weak acidotic calves that don’t suck enough
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13
Q

What are the 4 Qs of colostrum?

A

Quantity, Quality, Quickly and sQueaky clean

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14
Q

What are some factors affecting the quality and quantity of colostrum?

A
  • When its collected: decreased Ig quantity over time
  • Breed of cow
  • Pre-partum nutrition
  • Length of dry period (< 30d).
  • Pre-milking.
  • Abortion/induction
  • Mastitis
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15
Q

What methods can we use to test the quality of colostrum?

A
  • Brix refractometer (More accurate and density less temperature dependent than Colostrometer)
  • Colostrometer/Hydrometer
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16
Q

What is the cut off for good quality colostrum when using a Brix refractometer?

A

Cut-off of 22% (equates to 50 g/L IgG) for good quality colostrum that can be fed as the first colostrum
If it is below this it can be fed to other calves

17
Q

Describe how a Colostrometer tests the quality of colostrum

A

Testing the density of the colostrum
The more fat and protein, the denser it is
The denser it is the better the quality

18
Q

What is the target of feeding colostrum?

A

Target is to provide >150 g IgG
Colostrum commonly varies from 20 to 80 g/L
Feed a minimum of 5-10% of body weight (~2-3 L) at each colostral feeding.

19
Q

How long after birth should colostrum be fed?

A

Feed first within two hours of birth and again within 6 to 12 hours of birth.
After the first two feedings, continue to feed colostrum from later milking and of lower quality for its nutritional value.

20
Q

How can the risk of GI infection in calves be reduced?

A

By feeding transmission milk (milk from very recently calved cows) for 5-7 days as it still contains for Igs

21
Q

At what age are calves weaned?

A

8-12 weeks

22
Q

Which Igs decline rapidly over the first week?

A

IgA and IgM

23
Q

Which Ig declines slower over a few weeks?

A

IgG

24
Q

There is an increased risk of … during weaning

A

Pneumonia

25
Q

Colostrum should be collected within?

A

2 hours

26
Q

How is colostrum collected and stored to maintain hygiene?

A

Clean & disinfect teats – essential for clean colostrum

Clean & disinfect buckets etc

27
Q

How can colostrum be stored?

A
  • Bags: ”perfect udder”
  • Store at 4 degrees: refrigerator (< 1 week) or freeze (bacterial growth is rapid at 37 degrees)
    If frozen – thaw gently
28
Q

At what conditions is colostrum pasteurised?

A

Typically, 60 ℃ for 60 minutes

29
Q

What are the pros of pasteurisation?

A

Bacterial reduction

Improved efficiency of IgG absorption by ~3%

30
Q

What are the cons of pasteurisation?

A
  • ≠ sterilization – poo in, poo out!
  • Heat treatment kills leukocytes – importance?
  • Cost, labour, and maintenance
  • Good colostrum management still important
31
Q

What must frozen colostrum be?

A

From the first milking - only freeze good quality

32
Q

Describe the conditions for freezing colostrum

A

Freeze in milk containers.

Thaw (< 40 ℃ )- don’t cook!

33
Q

Describe colostrum replacements and supplements

A
  • Products are formulated either by spray drying dairy cow colostrum or by concentrating the whey proteins available from the manufacture of cheese
  • Efficacy of absorption < natural colostrum
  • Expensive (maintain a frozen colostrum bank)
  • Less tailored to individual farm (pathogen exposure of dam)
  • Can be difficult to determine Ig content
34
Q

Describe failure of passive transfer

A
  • Failure of IgG production, insufficient feeding, or failure to absorb adequate colostral antibodies
  • Generally defined as serum IgG < 10 mg/mL (<1 g/L), which corresponds to a serum TP < 55 g/L
35
Q

What are the consequences of failure of passive transfer?

A

MAJOR RISK FACTOR for ALL calf disease

36
Q

How can passive transfer be assessed?

A

Day 2 to 7 post-calving
Measurement of serum immunoglobulin:
- Refractometer (T.P. should be > 55 g/L)
- ZST and SST - should be over 20 units (colorimetric absorbance).
- Radial immunodiffusion (serum IgG <10 mg/mL = FPT) – gold standard but impractical

Y3 MOD Reproductive (11 decks)

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