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Y3 MOD Reproductive > Castration of calves and lambs > Flashcards

Castration of calves and lambs Flashcards

1
Q

A castrated bull is termed?

A

A steer/bullock

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2
Q

A bull becomes fertile at what age?

A

7 months

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3
Q

A castrated ram is termed?

A

A wether

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4
Q

Rams become fertile at what age?

A

Ram likely to become fertile at 4-6 months

(1st Autumn) as mostly seasonal breeders

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5
Q

What are some reasons for castration?

A
  • Behaviour: safer to handle and manage
  • Prevention of accidental pregnancies
  • Better carcass quality: increased fat deposition
  • Consumer pressure and tradition
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6
Q

What are some reasons not to castrate?

A
  • Welfare considerations: pain, stress, haemorrhage
  • Reduced growth rates in castrates
  • Growth setback at time of castration – earlier the better?
  • Arguably no difference / better carcass quality
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7
Q

In the uk what % of beef is from bulls?

A

10%
Better growth rate than castrate or heifer.
Leaner carcass

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8
Q

At what age are bulls slaughtered for beef?

A

12-15months

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9
Q

How can bull beef behaviour be prevented?

A

Remedy - keep intensively in small pens with pecking order. Do not keep outside
Ensure worker safety

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10
Q

When can castration of calves and lambs with rubber rings be carried out without local?

A

First 7 days of life

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11
Q

Describe castration without anaesthesia in calves

A

0 - 2 months

Trained, lay person aged 16 or over

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12
Q

Describe castration without anaesthesia in lambs

A

0 - 3 months

Trained lay person aged 16 or over

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13
Q

Describe castrating calves over 2 months?

A

Veterinary surgeon

Local anaesthetic required

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14
Q

Describe castrating lambs over 3 months?

A

Veterinary surgeon

Local anaesthetic required

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15
Q

What are the pros/cons of young castration?

A 
Less stress ?
Easier & safer.
Less risk to animal.
Less setback to growth.
Easier in some management systems e.g. indoor lambing
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16
Q

What are the pros/cons of older castration?

A
  • More stressful?
  • Increased danger to operator.
  • Increased risk to animal.
  • Better carcass quality?
  • Longer period of high growth rate.
  • Easier in some management systems e.g. suckler calves
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17
Q

What can be used to castrate animals less than one week old?

A

Rubber rings “Elastrator.”

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18
Q

What are some other castration methods?

A
  • Bloodless castration “Burdizzo”
  • Open castration “Knife”
  • Immuno-castration – antiGnRH vaccines? (NOT UK CURRENTLY)
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19
Q

Where should be blocked with local anaesthetic?

A

Spermatic cord
Subcutaneously into scrotum
Testes

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20
Q

Which LA is most commonly used for castration?

A

Procaine 5% + adrenaline

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21
Q

Describe the features of procaine

A

Cheap!
Amount depends on size and site
Takes 10-15 min onset and lasts 45-90mins

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22
Q

Stress of castration in lambs could lead to?

A

Water mouth

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23
Q

Describe the principles of using rubber rings for castration

A
  • Only in animals less than 1 week old
  • Ensure both testicles are included.
  • Care with hygiene – use new rings and clean equipment (tetanus risk)
  • Usually a farmer job
24
Q

Describe a bloodless castration

A

Ideally done in young calves and lambs only
↑ risk of failures in older animals
But can be difficult in very small testicles
Use correct sized clamp for size of animal

25
Q

What are some key points to note about a bloodless castration?

A
  • No chance of haemorrhage
  • Local analgesia - Risk of introducing infection with needle but remember the law if doing >2 months!
  • Clamp both sides - do not clamp across scrotum – offset your clamps!.
  • Do not include urethra !
  • Check in 4-6 weeks for failures
26
Q

Describe the features of an open castration

A

Suitable for any age
No uncertainty – testicles are removed
Less growth setback ?
Less pain in larger beasts ?

27
Q

Which castration technique has the most risks/complications?

A

Open castrate

28
Q

Describe the risks associated with open castrations

A
  • Haemorrhage: ensure haemostasis.
  • Herniation: check hernia not present.
  • Infection at wound site: ensure adequate drainage
  • Tetanus: vaccinate - “Covexin 8.”
  • Gut Tie: associated with recoil of spermatic cord into abdomen.
29
Q

Describe the technique of open castrates in smaller calves

A

Slit the scrotum then twist and pull to break the spermatic cord

30
Q

Describe the technique of open castrates in larger calves

A

Slit the scrotum then using emasculators to crush and cut the cord.

31
Q

What are some key points for a successful surgical castration?

A
  • Keep animals clean afterwards - outside is best (fly season – fly repellent needed?)
  • Restrain well - crush
  • Do not get injured
  • Adequate anaesthesia: wait 10 minutes.
  • U-shaped incision: ensures drainage.
  • Antibiotics ? - long acting Penicillin or Oxytetracyclines.
32
Q

How can you resolve haemorrhage?

A

Pack with cotton wool if not too severe.

Identify spermatic cord and ligate

33
Q

How can you resolve gross infection and swelling?

A

antibiotic +NSAID

34
Q

How long should emasculators be held on for?

A

1 minute

35
Q

Tri-solfen should be applied?

A

Topically after surgery

36
Q

What are the components of tri-solfen?

A

Lidocaine, and Bupivacaine, = Analgesia
Adrenalin = vasoconstriction
Cetrimide = antiseptic

37
Q

A bloodless castration is also termed?

A

Burdizzo

38
Q

Why do farmers dehorn and disbud?

A

Safety - farmer, other animals

39
Q

When should dehorning and disbudding occur and why?

A 
“younger the better”
Less stress for animal
Less stress for operator – easier to handle
Only do healthy animals
Early = ↑chance of 100% success!
40
Q

Describe the law of disbudding

A

It is illegal to disbud or dehorn without an anaesthetic unless you are using a chemical disbudder

41
Q

How are different ages of calves/cows restrained for disbudding/dehorning

A
  • Baby calves: Farmer holds calf (in a corner), dehorning crate
  • Older calves: hold – harder, dehorning crate
  • Adults: Cattle crush
42
Q

When is dehorning paste applied?

A

Apply in first day of life

licence under 7 days, use illegal > 1 week

43
Q

What are the key points when using dehorning paste

A
  • Ensure not licked off
  • Separate from cow for 1-2 hours
  • 1.5 hours of dry weather
  • DEFRA code of welfare recommends against the use of chemical disbudding
44
Q

Which nerve is blocked for disbudding?

A

Cornual branch of the lachrymal

Check not in artery or vein (pull back)

45
Q

Describe disbudding baby calves

A
  • Restrain
  • Inject local anaesthetic
  • Clip hair and identify horn bud
  • Burn hair/horn junction
  • “rotating action”
46
Q

What are you aiming for when disbudding?

A

Clear copper ring

47
Q

What else can be used to restraint older calves?

A

Xylazine - sedation

48
Q

Describe disbudding older animals/adults

A
  • Stressful (animal & operator)
  • Ensure good restraint
  • Ensure good local analgesia: 10 ml per side
  • Remember may need an extra block
  • Consider sedating: xylazine
  • Shears / wire / saw
49
Q

Where on the horn are they removed?

A

Hair/horn junction

- control haemorrhage

50
Q

How is haemorrhage controlled following dehorning?

A 
Grasp vessels with artery forceps
Twist and pull
Vessel on cranio-ventral aspect
Cauterise with hot iron
If use wire – will cauterise as you cut
51
Q

Describe the aftercare following disbudding/dehorning

A 
Analgesia – NSAIDS
Meloxicam authorised
Fly control? 
Check for haemorrhage in older animals
Older animals - infection: sinusitis
52
Q

How is sinusitis treated in older cattle?

A

Tilt head to drain
Hosepipe in hole – flush out
Antibiotic? – penicillin, pen/strep
Don’t panic!

53
Q

Describe the injuries/risks of disbudding and dehorning

A 
Fractured skulls:
- Shears
- Too much pressure with disbudder
- Sharp disbudder
Brain trauma/damage:
- Sharp disbudder
- Too hot disbudder
54
Q

Describe disbudding of goats

A
  • Few polled goats in the UK
  • Do young – under 7 days
  • Very large horn buds / germinal area
  • Ideally need larger diameter disbudding iron
  • Thin skulls
  • Require sedation / GA by law in the UK
  • No licensed drugs!
55
Q

Adult goat horns are supplied by which nerves?

A

Cornual

Infratrochlear

Y3 MOD Reproductive (11 decks)

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