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Y3 MOD Reproductive > Infectious diseases of neonatal calves > Flashcards

Infectious diseases of neonatal calves Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common neonatal disease in ruminants?

A

Diarrhoea

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2
Q

What is the most common neonatal disease in ruminants?

A

Diarrhoea

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3
Q

Name some other common neonatal diseases of ruminants

A
  • Navel ill
  • Joint ill
  • Septicaemia
  • Bloat (abomasum and rumen)
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4
Q

How are most neonatal diseases transmitted?

A

via faecal-oral route

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5
Q

What are some epidemiological considerations surrounding neonatal ruminant disease?

A
  • The reservoir
  • The modes of transmission and the agent characteristics related to each
  • The incubation period
  • The period of communicability.
  • Cleaning and disinfection is critical in breaking transmission cycle
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6
Q

Describe cleaning to break disease transmission cycles

A
  • Remove organic material: straw, bedding, faecal material
  • Destruction of microbes follows first: order logarithmic decay
  • Smooth surfaces preferable: reduce organic build up
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7
Q

What are some key points to note and consider on a neonatal clinical exam?

A
  • Demeanour
  • Suck reflex
  • Temperature, pulse, respiration
  • Faeces
  • Navel
  • Hydration status
  • Acid - base status
  • CNS signs
  • Patent anus
  • Cleft palate
  • Abdominal distention
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8
Q

What are some diagnostic methods used in neonates?

A
  • Chest sounds
  • Ultrasound
  • CSF tap
  • ZST / TP***** - assessing passive transfer
  • Post mortem exam
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9
Q

Naval ill is transmitted via which route?

A

Infection via navel or oro-respiratory route

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10
Q

What is the key sign of naval ill?

A

Hard swollen naval

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11
Q

What occurs in sequelae to naval ill?

A

Peritonitis
Septicaemia
Polyarthritis- joint-ill

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12
Q

What are the risk factors for naval ill?

A
  • Pathogen load: hygiene at calving
  • Patent navel: is navel dressed - Strong Iodine.
  • Immune status of calf: colostrum intake (FTP)
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13
Q

How is naval ill diagnosed?

A
  • Clinical examination: Swollen & hard, Check for hernia
  • Probe
  • Ultrasound
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14
Q

What will be seen on ultrasound of a calf with naval ill?

A
  • Peritonitis: fluid build up in the abdomen, if more advances may also see fibrin strands
  • Extension up the vessels: artery to bladder and vein to liver
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15
Q

How is naval ill treated?

A
  • Antibiotics
  • Drain abscess
  • Surgery:
    Remove infected umbilical arteries and urachus.
    If veins affected – poor prognosis (liver involvement)
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16
Q

Joint ill is also called?

A

Septic arthritis

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17
Q

Joint ill occurs in sequelae to?

A

Naval ill

18
Q

What are the signs of joint ill?

A

Single or multiple swollen and painful joints

19
Q

Describe the treatment of joint ill

A
  • Reduce bacterial load
  • Antibiotics: 2+ week course following clinical improvement. Start early. Begin with IV.
  • Oxytet. Or penicillin are good first line choice (should be guided by C&S).
  • Joint lavage: useful but often hard to do (needles plug up with fibrin)
  • Anti-inflammatory
  • Poor prognosis
20
Q

Define bacteraemia

A

Bacteria in blood
Secondary to mucosal damage
E.g. rumen acidosis, mastitis, gum disease

21
Q

Define septicaemia

A
  • Bacteria multiplying in blood
  • Concurrent endotoxaemia: “cytokine storm”, Membrane permeability “shot”
  • FATAL
22
Q

What are the common agents involved in septicaemia?

A

E. coli (specific serotypes), actinomyces, staph, Salmonella etc etc.

23
Q

What is the prime cause of septicaemia?

A

Lack of colostral antibodies

24
Q

Describe an animal with septicaemia

A

Usually seen from 1 - 5 days of age - Can be later (decline in IgM at 5d)

  • Endotoxaemia (sepsis)
  • Invariably fatal
25
Q

What are the risk factors for septicaemia?

A
  • Pathogen load in the calving and calf rearing areas

- Immune status due to colostrum intake (IgG and IgM): failure of passive transfer

26
Q

What are the clinical signs of septicaemia?

A
  • Non-specific
  • Collapsed
  • Shocked (endotoxaemia)
  • Very congested conjunctiva: Petechiae, DIC
  • CNS signs sometimes
  • Diarrhoea is not a sign but septicaemia may occur at same time as diarrhoea
27
Q

How can septicaemia be treated?

A 
Very rarely successful !!
Antibiotics
NSAID – flunixin
Corticosteroid 1mg/kg
Fluid therapy
Supportive nursing, warmth, feeding etc
28
Q

Name some congenital defects of calves

A
  • Cardiac e.g. patent ductus arteriosus, VSD
  • Atresia ani and atresia coli
  • Cleft palate
  • Contracted tendons
  • Cataracts: BVD
  • Cerebellar hypoplasia: BVD
  • Foetal monsters
29
Q

Name two common calve diseases

A

Calf diphtheria

Bloat/abdominal swelling

30
Q

What is the aetiological agent of calf diptheria

A

Fusiformis necrophorum

31
Q

What is the other name of calf diptheria?

A

Laryngeal necrobacillosis

32
Q

Describe the signs of calf diptheria

A 
Oral lesions
Sore mouth
Salivation & foul smell
Ulcerative lesions
Swollen neck
33
Q

What is the cause of calf diptheria?

A

Dirty buckets – poor hygiene

34
Q

How is calf diphtheria treated?

A

Tx – penicillin

Steroids for inflammation

35
Q

Abomasal bloat affects calves most commonly at what age?

A

1-2 weeks old

36
Q

Left sided abdominal swelling indicates?

A

Bloat – free gas in abomasum (could be rumen mature animals)

37
Q

Right sided abdominal swelling indicates?

A 
Could be bloated abomasum again
“abdominal catastrophe”
e.g. volvulus, torsion etc
Calf is very sick
Laparotomy indicated
38
Q

What is an alternative cause of abdominal swelling?

A

Atresia coli – gradual distension over first few days – total absence of faeces
-> Euthanasia

39
Q

Describe the approach to the swollen calf

A
  • Full clinical exam
  • Pass stomach tube
    Is distension completely resolved?
    Yes – Rumen Bloat
    No – is R side still swollen
  • Listen to guts before & after passing tube: Pings, splashing
40
Q

How is abomasal bloat treated?

A

Sedate (0.1mg/kg xylazine) and role onto back.

16 gauge needle into “ping”

41
Q

How is ruminal bloat treated?

A

Relieve distension with tube
If repeated:
- “Red Devil” trochar/fistula
- Correct underlying risk factors!

42
Q

Describe the two causes of rumen bloat?

A
  1. Rumen drinkers - milk goes into rumen, failure of closure of oesophageal groove, ferments -> metabolic acidosis
  2. Poor rumen development - often pot bellied, rumen acidosis at weaning

Y3 MOD Reproductive (11 decks)

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