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Oncology > Prevention And Early Detection Of Cancer > Flashcards

Prevention And Early Detection Of Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

It is a strong modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular dx, pulmonary dx, and cancer

A

Tobacco smoking

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2
Q

Those who stop smoking have _____ lower 10 yr lung CA mortality rate

A

30-50%

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3
Q

Smoker who is quitting goes through identifiable stages including:

A

Contemplation of quitting
Action phase
Maintenance phase

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4
Q

What type of smokers Commit PROGRAM is not successful

A

Heavy smokers >25 cigarettes per day

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5
Q

It is a program in which light smokers are successful in quitting

A

Community intervention trial for smoking cessation (COMMIT)

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6
Q

What cancer that has higher risk when one to 2 cigars were smoked

A

Doubles the risk for esophageal and oral CA

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7
Q

3 or 4 cigars has increase risk for what

A

Eight fold for oral CA and four fold for esophageal CA

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8
Q

Physical act is associated with a dec risk of

A

Colon and breast CA

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9
Q

Diets high in fat is associated with increased risk for?

A

PE BC

Prostate
Endometrium
Breast
Colon

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10
Q

Risk of certain cancers appear to increase MODESTLY when BMI is what?

A

25 kg/m

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11
Q

5 kg/m2 BMI is associated with what?

A

Uterus, kidney, cervix, thyroid, leukemia gallbladder,

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12
Q

Exposure to UV radiation can cause

A

Nonmelanoma skin CA

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13
Q

Risk factors for melanoma

A
  • sunburn
  • benign melanocytic nevi
  • atypical nevi
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14
Q

Initial changes in cancer

A

Initiation

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15
Q

Progress through carcinogenic process and change phenotypically are called?

A

Promoters

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16
Q

Promoters include what?

A

Androgen - linked to prostate CA

Estrogen - breast and endometrial CA

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17
Q

Smoking causes epithelial origin to where?

A

Esophagus, lungs,oral and neck

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18
Q

Hpv 16 causes

A

Oropharynx cancer

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19
Q

Premalignant lesion found in smokers and used as an intermediate marker of chemopreventive activity

A

Oral leukoplakia

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20
Q

It causes regression to oral leukoplakia

A

Isotretinoin

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21
Q

Most colorectal CA develops from

A

Adenomatous polyps

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22
Q

May prevent adenoma formation or regression of adenomatous polyps

A

NSAIDS [aspirin 75 mg/d, sulindac and piroxican]

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23
Q

COX -2 as chemoprevention in colorectal is not considered due to what side effect

A

Cardiovascular events

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24
Q

What dietary element reduces the colorectal CA

A

Calcium

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25
Estrogen plus progestin therapy in colorectal CA can cause what?
Cadiovascular and breast CA
26
Antiestrogen with partial estrogen agonistic activity in endometrium and bone and it upregulate transforming growth factor beta that dec breast proliferation.
Tamoxifen
27
Side effects of tamoxifen?
``` Bone fracture Small inc risk of endometrial ca Stroke Pulmonary emboli DVT ```
28
It is comparable with tamoxifen and it has no inc risk for endometrial CA
Raloxifene
29
It is effective than tamoxifen
Aromatase inhibitors
30
Common side effects of AI
``` HAFI Hot flashes Arthralgias Fatigue Insomnia ```
31
What are the 5 alpha reductase inhibitors that is used as chemoprevention for prostate CA that inhibit conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone
FINASTERIDE AND DUTASTERIDE
32
What cancer is linked to Hepatitis B and Hepatitis c virus
Liver CA
33
HPV are linked to what cancers?
``` CHAN Cervical Head Anal Neck CA ```
34
H. Pylori is associated with?
Gastric adenocarcinoma and gastric lymphoma
35
What vaccine that is effective in preventing hepatitis and hepatomas
Hepatitis B vaccine
36
What HPV types that causes genital papillomas
HPV types 6 and types 11
37
At what age does 2 dose of HPV vaccine is recommended?
9-14 yrs
38
Age ate 3 doses of HPV is recommended
15 - 26 yrs
39
It is used to prevent colon CA
Colectomy
40
Surgery for breast CA
Mastectomy
41
Surgery for preventing ovarian and breast CA in high isk?
Salpingo-oophorectomy
42
It is important for early detection in asymptomatic individuals with the goal of decreasing morbidity and mortality
Screening
43
True positive rate, or when a persons with a dx who test positive in the screen
Sensitivity
44
False positive rate, it is when the dx is not present
Specificity
45
Proportion of persons who do not have the disease that test negative in the screening test
Negative predictive value
46
Who test positive and actually have the dx
Positive predictive value
47
The remaining HPV types causes what?
Cervical and anal CA
48
Whether or not a test influences the natural hx of disease
Lead time bias
49
Screening tests that generally easily detect slow growing and less aggressive CA
Length time sampling
50
Extreme length biased sampling
Overdiagnosis
51
It is when population most likely to seek screening often differs from the general population to which screening test might be applied.
Selection bias
52
How often do you screen with mammography 45-54 yrs
Annual
53
Biennial screening is recommended at what age
More than or equal 55 yrs old.
54
Self examination what age?
Women, all ages
55
At what age Pap test is recommended?
21-65 yrs with interval of 3 yrs
56
Women age 65 with no abnormal results in the previous 10 yrs may choose to stop screening. T or F
True
57
At the beginning of age 30, with a guidelines offer the alternative of combined Pap smear and HPV what interval screening in this approach
5 yr interval
58
<30 years does not use HPV testing T or F?
T
59
Women after total hysterectomy for noncancerous cause is not recommended for screening T or F
T
60
What is the diagnostic test for colorectal CA
Sigmoidoscopy at age 50-75 every 5 yrs
61
Fecal occult blood testing how often for screening?
Annually
62
Interval for colonoscopy
Every 10 yrs starting at age 50 and above
63
FIT is done every?
Annually
64
Fecal DNA testing is done every
1 or 3 yrs
65
CT colonography is done every
5 yrs
66
What is the diagnostic testing for lung CA
Low dose CT scan
67
Low dose CT scan is recommended at Age 55- 80 with a > or equal 30 pack yr smoking history or stil smoking or have quit within past 5 yrs T or F
T
68
Is CA 125 and transvaginal US recommended at all ages? T or F
F, it is not recommended at all ages Recommended only when woman have high risk for ovarian CA with perisistent symptoms.
69
Most common screening for prostate CA
Digital rectal exam and serum PSA assay
70
What examination is used in skin cancer
Visual examination

Oncology (5 decks)

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