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Oncology > Prevention And Early Detection Of Cancer > Flashcards

Prevention And Early Detection Of Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

It is a strong modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular dx, pulmonary dx, and cancer

A

Tobacco smoking

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2
Q

Those who stop smoking have _____ lower 10 yr lung CA mortality rate

A

30-50%

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3
Q

Smoker who is quitting goes through identifiable stages including:

A

Contemplation of quitting
Action phase
Maintenance phase

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4
Q

What type of smokers Commit PROGRAM is not successful

A

Heavy smokers >25 cigarettes per day

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5
Q

It is a program in which light smokers are successful in quitting

A

Community intervention trial for smoking cessation (COMMIT)

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6
Q

What cancer that has higher risk when one to 2 cigars were smoked

A

Doubles the risk for esophageal and oral CA

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7
Q

3 or 4 cigars has increase risk for what

A

Eight fold for oral CA and four fold for esophageal CA

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8
Q

Physical act is associated with a dec risk of

A

Colon and breast CA

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9
Q

Diets high in fat is associated with increased risk for?

A

PE BC

Prostate
Endometrium
Breast
Colon

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10
Q

Risk of certain cancers appear to increase MODESTLY when BMI is what?

A

25 kg/m

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11
Q

5 kg/m2 BMI is associated with what?

A

Uterus, kidney, cervix, thyroid, leukemia gallbladder,

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12
Q

Exposure to UV radiation can cause

A

Nonmelanoma skin CA

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13
Q

Risk factors for melanoma

A
  • sunburn
  • benign melanocytic nevi
  • atypical nevi
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14
Q

Initial changes in cancer

A

Initiation

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15
Q

Progress through carcinogenic process and change phenotypically are called?

A

Promoters

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16
Q

Promoters include what?

A

Androgen - linked to prostate CA

Estrogen - breast and endometrial CA

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17
Q

Smoking causes epithelial origin to where?

A

Esophagus, lungs,oral and neck

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18
Q

Hpv 16 causes

A

Oropharynx cancer

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19
Q

Premalignant lesion found in smokers and used as an intermediate marker of chemopreventive activity

A

Oral leukoplakia

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20
Q

It causes regression to oral leukoplakia

A

Isotretinoin

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21
Q

Most colorectal CA develops from

A

Adenomatous polyps

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22
Q

May prevent adenoma formation or regression of adenomatous polyps

A

NSAIDS [aspirin 75 mg/d, sulindac and piroxican]

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23
Q

COX -2 as chemoprevention in colorectal is not considered due to what side effect

A

Cardiovascular events

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24
Q

What dietary element reduces the colorectal CA

A

Calcium

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25
Q

Estrogen plus progestin therapy in colorectal CA can cause what?

A

Cadiovascular and breast CA

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26
Q

Antiestrogen with partial estrogen agonistic activity in endometrium and bone and it upregulate transforming growth factor beta that dec breast proliferation.

A

Tamoxifen

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27
Q

Side effects of tamoxifen?

A 
Bone fracture
Small inc risk of endometrial ca
Stroke 
Pulmonary emboli 
DVT
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28
Q

It is comparable with tamoxifen and it has no inc risk for endometrial CA

A

Raloxifene

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29
Q

It is effective than tamoxifen

A

Aromatase inhibitors

30
Q

Common side effects of AI

A 
HAFI
Hot flashes
Arthralgias
Fatigue
Insomnia
31
Q

What are the 5 alpha reductase inhibitors that is used as chemoprevention for prostate CA that inhibit conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone

A

FINASTERIDE AND DUTASTERIDE

32
Q

What cancer is linked to Hepatitis B and Hepatitis c virus

A

Liver CA

33
Q

HPV are linked to what cancers?

A 
CHAN
Cervical
Head 
Anal
Neck CA
34
Q

H. Pylori is associated with?

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma and gastric lymphoma

35
Q

What vaccine that is effective in preventing hepatitis and hepatomas

A

Hepatitis B vaccine

36
Q

What HPV types that causes genital papillomas

A

HPV types 6 and types 11

37
Q

At what age does 2 dose of HPV vaccine is recommended?

A

9-14 yrs

38
Q

Age ate 3 doses of HPV is recommended

A

15 - 26 yrs

39
Q

It is used to prevent colon CA

A

Colectomy

40
Q

Surgery for breast CA

A

Mastectomy

41
Q

Surgery for preventing ovarian and breast CA in high isk?

A

Salpingo-oophorectomy

42
Q

It is important for early detection in asymptomatic individuals with the goal of decreasing morbidity and mortality

A

Screening

43
Q

True positive rate, or when a persons with a dx who test positive in the screen

A

Sensitivity

44
Q

False positive rate, it is when the dx is not present

A

Specificity

45
Q

Proportion of persons who do not have the disease that test negative in the screening test

A

Negative predictive value

46
Q

Who test positive and actually have the dx

A

Positive predictive value

47
Q

The remaining HPV types causes what?

A

Cervical and anal CA

48
Q

Whether or not a test influences the natural hx of disease

A

Lead time bias

49
Q

Screening tests that generally easily detect slow growing and less aggressive CA

A

Length time sampling

50
Q

Extreme length biased sampling

A

Overdiagnosis

51
Q

It is when population most likely to seek screening often differs from the general population to which screening test might be applied.

A

Selection bias

52
Q

How often do you screen with mammography 45-54 yrs

A

Annual

53
Q

Biennial screening is recommended at what age

A

More than or equal 55 yrs old.

54
Q

Self examination what age?

A

Women, all ages

55
Q

At what age Pap test is recommended?

A

21-65 yrs with interval of 3 yrs

56
Q

Women age 65 with no abnormal results in the previous 10 yrs may choose to stop screening.

T or F

A

True

57
Q

At the beginning of age 30, with a guidelines offer the alternative of combined Pap smear and HPV what interval screening in this approach

A

5 yr interval

58
Q

<30 years does not use HPV testing T or F?

A

T

59
Q

Women after total hysterectomy for noncancerous cause is not recommended for screening T or F

A

T

60
Q

What is the diagnostic test for colorectal CA

A

Sigmoidoscopy at age 50-75 every 5 yrs

61
Q

Fecal occult blood testing how often for screening?

A

Annually

62
Q

Interval for colonoscopy

A

Every 10 yrs starting at age 50 and above

63
Q

FIT is done every?

A

Annually

64
Q

Fecal DNA testing is done every

A

1 or 3 yrs

65
Q

CT colonography is done every

A

5 yrs

66
Q

What is the diagnostic testing for lung CA

A

Low dose CT scan

67
Q

Low dose CT scan is recommended at Age 55- 80 with a > or equal 30 pack yr smoking history or stil smoking or have quit within past 5 yrs

T or F

A

T

68
Q

Is CA 125 and transvaginal US recommended at all ages?

T or F

A

F, it is not recommended at all ages

Recommended only when woman have high risk for ovarian CA with perisistent symptoms.

69
Q

Most common screening for prostate CA

A

Digital rectal exam and serum PSA assay

70
Q

What examination is used in skin cancer

A

Visual examination

Oncology (5 decks)

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