Cancer Genetics Flashcards
According to Otto Warburg that cancer is due to what?
Abnormal metabolism of oxygen
All cancer originate from a single cell?
T or F
T
How many mutated cancer gene is required for the development of most solid tumors?
3 mutated genes
How many mutated gene is required for liquid tumors, sarcomas and childhood tumors?
2 mutated genes
One or 2 mutations is sufficient for?
Benign tumorigenesis
Cancer mutation gene affect the cell by proliferating more than dying.
T or F
T
It influence the growth of cell
Tumor suppressor genes
It acquires mutations that typically relieve control and lead to increased activity of gene products
Oncogenes
How many alleles must be inactivated to lose the function of tumor suppressor genes
2 alleles
How many genes should be required to activate an oncogene
One genetic event
The agent responsible for the transmission of CA
Retrovirus
It is a common mechanism of oncogene activation
POINT MUTATION
SECOND mechanism for activation of oncogenes
DNA amplification
What is the prognosis of amplification of a cellular gene
Poor prognosis
The chromosomal alterations in solid tumors like carcinoma?
Heterogenous and comples
It is the chromosome alteration in myeloid and lymphoid tumors?
Simple translocations
It is usually observed in liquid tumors and common in lymphoid tumors
Translocation
It is a translocation that is identified in solid tumors like prostate CA
Recurrent translocation
It blocks the activity of Abl tyrosine kinase and has efficacy with little toxicity in CML
Imatinib
Abnormal number of chromosome in solid tumor is
Aneuploidy
3 types of lesions observed in tumor suppressor genes
- point mutations
- indels
- large deletions
It indicates the presence of tumor suppressor gene
LOH
Loss of heterozygosity
Leads to loss of gene expression occurs in conjunction with hypermethylation of promoter and histone deacetylation and another mechanism for TSG inactivation
Gene slicing
It is the covalent modification of chromatin
Epigenetic modification
It is inherited in colon cancer syndrome and caused by germline mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 5
Familial adenomatous polyposis
HNPCC can be considered a disease of a tumor progression
T or F
T
2 pillars of cancer development
FAP and HNPCC
MSI and chromosomal instability are exclusive of what cancer?
Colon CA
It is used to predict risk of cancers in individuals of affected families
DNA testing
High risk types 16 and 18 are strongly associated with the development of what cancers?
Cervical Vulvar Vaginal Anal Penile Oropharyngeal
Common solid tumors have how many mutations?
30-70
Liquid tumors, lymphoma, leukemia and pediatric tumors have how many mutations?
Fewer than 20
Among tumors if the same type from different patients?
Type 1 heterogeneity
The reason for a decrease in heterogeneity is what?
Clonal expansion
It is among different cells from the same primary tumor
Type 2 heterogeneity
It refers to genetic differences among the founder cels of metastatic lesions from the same patient?
Type 3 heterogeneity
It refers to that among cells of individual metastatic lesions
Type IV
