Prevention and control of communicable diseases Flashcards
State the divisions of” Prevention and control of communicable diseases for each of the : primary, secondary & tertiary preventions ”.
I. Primary Prevention: ——>
A. Control of the environment
B. Protection of susceptible host
II. Secondary Prevention : ——>
A. Measures for cases
B. Measures for contacts
III. Tertiary Prevention : “Management of complications”
State the division of “ Control of the environment”
I. Primary Prevention: ——>
A. Control of the environment
- Environmental sanitation
2- Control of animal reservoir
3- International measures for prevention of disease transmission between countries
State the division of “ Environmental sanitation” in primary prevention & give a brief detail for each if any
I. Primary Prevention: ——>
A. Control of the environment :
- Environmental sanitation
a. Air pollution control:
- such as proper ventilation
- proper control of air pollutants
b. Water Sanitation :
- provision of safe water supply
c. Proper waste disposal:
- both solid and liquid waste disposal.
d. Rodents and insects control
e. Control of food handlers and food sanitation
State the division of “ Control of animal reservoir ” in primary prevention & give a brief detail for each if any
I. Primary Prevention: ——>
A. Control of the environment :
2- Control of animal reservoir ——>
a. Eradication of the disease from animals:
- to prevent spread of the disease from animals to man such as:
1a . Vaccination of all animals in the shed.
2a . Veterinary care and adequate feeding.
3a . Sanitary clean environment.
4a . Segregation of diseased animals and treat them.
5a . Eradication when needed
b. Working individuals in the farm :
- They should be vaccinated
- They should wear protective clothes during working with the animals
State the division of “ International measures for prevention of disease transmission between countries ”
in primary prevention & give a brief detail for each if any
I. Primary Prevention: ——>
A. Control of the environment :
3- International measures for prevention of disease transmission between countries:
a. Notification to W.H.O. for the quarantinable diseases : eg.
- Yellow Fever
- Plague
- Cholera
b. Quarantine measures for imported animals :
- to prevent the introduction of some zoonotic diseases.
c. Special measures for cargo ships and airplanes:
- fumigation and de-ratting of ships or airplanes for presence of insects or rodents
d. Vaccination:
- required for travelers coming from yellow fever endemic areas.
e. Isolation of travelers :
- for application of special measures
State the division of “Protection of susceptible host ”
in primary prevention & give a brief detail for each if any
I. Primary Prevention: ——>
B-Protection of susceptible host
a. Health education:
- cover the different aspects of health habits
and behavior - to motivate the people to use health services
b. Health promotion :
- improving nutritional status and socio-economic development
- improving their living standard
c. Specific prevention: by
- immunization
- chemoprophylaxis.
What are the forms of immunization?
1-Vaccination:
- takes some times to be effective and is usually used before exposure.
- A booster dose will be protective immediately when the person is previously vaccinated, e.g. in case of tetanus.
2-Seroprophylaxis:
- through giving readymade immunoglobulins and antitoxins
- that can prevent the occurrence of the disease
What are the 3 control measures ?
- Cases
- Contacts
- Community
State the division of “ Measures for cases ” in secondary prevention & give a brief detail for each if any
II. Secondary Prevention : ——>
A. Measures for cases ——> F I N D T R
- Case Finding:
- Early case finding and appropriate
diagnosis ——> will facilitate tracing the reservoir and source of infection
- carry the control measures that prevent infection of others - Notification :
- According to type of disease, it may be
MOHP or WHO - Isolation:
- complete separation of the case from contact with anyone - Disinfection : may be
4a. Concurrent :
- applied during patient isolation
- treating excreta, discharges, soiled articles or fomites of the patient
4b. Terminal :
- after death or removal of the patient from hospital
- Cleaning the place and belongings of the patient
- Treatment :
- symptomatic treatment of general manifestations
- use of drugs (e.g. antimicrobial, anti-toxins, immunoglobulins and others) - Release:
- depends on the period of infectivity
- the presence or absence of carrier status
- Release is based on clinical cure and after becoming bacteriologically free in 3 successive investigations
Define “ Contacts “ ?
Contacts are :
- individuals who have been living in association with the patient (or animal) ,
especially during incubation period
- manifest disease until the case is discovered and isolated whether at home or at work
State the division of “ Measures for contacts ” in secondary prevention & give a brief detail for each if any
II. Secondary Prevention : ——>
B- Measures for contacts
- Observation :
- to detect any sign or symptom of the disease - Segregation:
- excluded from work to prevent further spread of the disease - Isolation:
- this is only considered in disease that is highly infectious and fatal
- eg. cholera, pneumonic plague and pneumonic anthrax - Specific protection:
- either by immunization or chemoprophylaxis
Period of isolation is for the longest incubation period counted from ___________
date of last exposure
Explain the Tertiary Prevention “Management of complications”
- It prevent further deterioration or reduce complications
- e.g. :
use of long acting penicillin in rheumatic heart disease to prevent more deterioration. - It refers to rehabilitation of disabled or handicapped person to help her/him to regain her/his normal life
- e.g. physiotherapy in paralytic poliomyelitis.
