ARI and Tobacco Hazards Flashcards
Define Acute respiratory infections.
ARIs is sudden onset of infection of any part of the respiratory system from nose to alveoli, including paranasal sinuses, middle ear and pleural cavity
Why is there increased morbidity and mortality among infants ( under age 5 ) in the developing countries?
1- increased prevalence of malnutrition
2- low birth weight
3- indoor air pollution, due to poor living condition
4- overcrowding
Fill in the blanks :
1. ___________ percent of infants born in developing countries ____________
- _______ percent of child mortality is attributable to acute respiratory infection as an __________
- __________ percent of total pediatric out patients has ARI
- _________ percent of hospital admissions because of ARI
- 20 percent of infants born in developing countries fail to survive their fifth birthday.
- 30 percent of child mortality is attributable to acute respiratory infection as an underlying or a contributing cause.
The ARI constitutes about :
- 40 percent of total pediatric out patients
- 20 percent of hospital admissions
Mention the following groups symptoms according to WHO classification:
- Acute upper respiratory infections (AURI)—includes anatomical first group —-> ?
- Acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI)—includes anatomical second group ——> ?
- Acute upper respiratory infections (AURI)—includes anatomical first group ——-> Rhinitis, coryza, sinusitis, otitis media, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, quinsy (peritonsillar abscess)
- Acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI)—includes anatomical second group ——-> Epiglottitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, pleurisy
True or False :
- Respiratory tract may be invaded by one pathogen or a variety of pathogens . _________
- primary infection can not lead onto secondary infection. ________
- Usually bacteria cause mild upper respiratory infections and viruses cause severe lower respiratory infections. ______
- Pathogens can occur simultaneously or one prepares the way for another to invade. _______
- True ; Respiratory tract may be invaded by one pathogen or a variety of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites or allergens
- False ; primary infection leading onto secondary infection.
- False ; Usually viruses cause mild upper respiratory infections and bacteria cause severe lower respiratory infections.
- True ; Pathogens can occur simultaneously or one prepares the way for another to invade.
Incidence of ARI is more among_______ than among _____ in the ratio of ________. The difference may partly be due to preferential treatment .
Incidence of ARI is more among male children than among female children in the ratio of 1.7:1. The difference may partly be due to preferential treatment to male children.
Why failure of breastfeeding is a risk factor for ARI ?
This deprives the child of maternal antibodies, more so from colostrum, pre disposing the child for a great risk of many communicable diseases including ARI.
What decreases the integrity of respiratory epithelium predisposing the child for ARI which becomes severe and persistent (chronic) ?
—> decrease immune mechanism and vitamin-A deficiency in case of undernutrition
Lack of routine primary immunization as per the schedule constitutes a major risk factor for acquiring the respiratory diseases such as ?
- tuberculosis
- measles
- diphtheria
- whooping cough
- Pneumonia being the commonest complication.
These are major killer diseases of children in developing countries.
Aside from causing a decrease in the integrity of respiratory mucous membrane what else does Vitamin A deficiency does to the host ?
reduces the secretion of mucus in the respiratory tract, predisposing the bacteriae to stick to the mucous membrane easily resulting in the disease
A child with measles has impairment in the bronchial epithelium due to secondary bacterial infection from invasion of a bacteria in the oropharynx to lower region . This is an example of ?
Antecedent viral infection
During the _______ or ______ after birth the newborn is extremely vulnerable to ARI.
During the first one or two months after birth the newborn is extremely vulnerable to ARI.
Mention all the risk factors of ARI released to the host
- Low birth weight
- Failure of breastfeeding
- Undernutrition
- Lack of primary immunization
- Young infant age (i.e. neonatal period)
- Vitamin A deficiency
- Antecedent viral infection
State the Environmental Factors + give a brief explanation
- Air pollution: ARI incidence is more among urban children than among rural children.
- Smoking: Both active and passive smoking predisposes the people for ARI. Thus, the children of smokers are more prone for ARI.
- Season: The incidence of ARI is more in winter season because of indoor living and overcrowding.
Mention the Social Factors of ARI .
- poverty
- illiteracy
- ignorance
- lack of personal hygiene
- overcrowding
- poor standard of living
7 lack of sanitation - non-utilization of health services
Most ARIs are_____ however some are ______
a. pandemic
b. Endemic
c. outbreak
d. epidemic
Most ARIs are endemic ; however, some ARI such as measles, pertussis, influenza have potentiality of occurring in epidemics, when the case fatality rate will be very high.
What is the Mode of transmission of ARI?
- primarily transmitted by droplet infection
- Epidemics and pandemics occur through airborne route, i.e. by droplet nuclei
How can a newborn get infected with ARI?
- Transplacentally from the mother during fetal life ( eg.rubella)
- Aspiration of amniotic fluid during birth
- Droplet infection from others after birth.
What are the causative organisms responsible for ARI?
- E. coli
- Strep. agalactiae (group B)
- Pseudomonas
- Pneumocystis carinii
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Staphylococcus aureus
What are the measures implemented to prevent ARI ?
The measures can be implemented at first TWO levels of prevention, namely health promotion, specific protection and early diagnosis and treatment.
Why are the other levels of prevention not implemented?
Because ARI is an acute condition and not a chronic condition.
State all the Health Promotion measures.
- Efficient antenatal care to reduce the incidence of LBW.
- Essential care of the newborn and special care of LBW newborn.
- Promotion of exclusive breastfeeding up to the first six months of life.
- Promotion of adequate nutrition of the growing children.
- Improvement in the living conditions (Housing and sanitation).
- Reduction of parental smoking and smoke pollution indoors.
- Limiting the size of the family to prevent overcrowding.
State all the Health Education measures.
Health education of mothers about correct ARI case management at home with the following points:
– To increase feeding and to keep the child warm.
– To clear the nose by instillation of breastmilk, if runny nose interferes with feeding.
– To relieve the cough with homemade drinks like tea, ginger, lime juice, etc.
– To recognize danger signs such as fast breathing (increased respiratory rate) and difficult breathing. (Chest indrawing)
What is the “ Specific Protection”?
- Strengthening the existing routine primary immunization.
- Oral vitamin A concentrate, 5 mega doses for children between 9 months and 3 years.
- Other vaccines which can be given are pneumococcal vaccine and Haemophilus B influenzae vaccine.
