General Epidemiology (Part I ) Flashcards
Mention the 4 health dimensions & give a brief description for each.
- Physical health:
- easiest to observe and feel
- body systems are properly functioning in harmony within physiologic norms - Mental health:
- a state of balance between the individual and his environment
- ability to adjust within himself and with others
- cope with stress - Social health :
- ability of the person to adjust within a social network
- active member of a community - Spiritual health:
- personal integrity
- principles
- ethics
The quality of life is affected by _____________
the level of health measured on a health spectrum
State the health spectrum scale :
- Ideal health
- Positive health
- Negative or marginal health
- Unapparent disease: also called pre-clinical
- Apparent disease
- Death
Describe the “marginal health”
Negative or marginal health:
- an individual has no ability to adjust to surrounding
- fall ill on the slightest adverse stimulus
Describe the “Apparent disease”
- individual is aware that she/he is suffering from an illness
- whether she/he seeks medical care or not
What is the end of the spectrum? :)
DEATH
Describe the “ unapparent disease”
- also known as pre-clinical
- not recognized by the individual
- discovered by examination and screening tests
Which type of the health spectrum is the one that achieves a state of dynamic equilibrium between man and his environment ?
Positive health
Define community medicine.
deals with the study of provision of promotive, preventive, curative, rehabilitative and evaluative services to the community at large, through an organized comprehensive health care delivery system
What is included in the “Essential Community Medicine” ?
- Protection of the environment
- Health education
- Health legislation and health regulations
- Prevention and control of communicable diseases
- Care for special groups as mothers, children, and workers in certain hazardous occupations
- Assessment of health needs, plans and supports the provision of health care services to the population
Give other terminologies for community medicine.
- hygiene
- preventive medicine
- social medicine
- public heath
Community diagnosis is the role of __________
Epidemiologists
Define “ clinical diagnosis “
diagnosis made in an individual by the doctor based on signs and symptoms
Fill in the blanks with the right answer either “ community medicine “ or “ hospital medicine “
- Service area that provides health care to people ——> _________
- Organizational framework that contains health centers ——> ______
- Has Only passive operational strategy applied ——> _______
- Has limited scope in the national health programs ——> _______
- Exits between health department & other related health departments ——>_______
6.Gives : poor cost benefit ratio by involving maximum expenditure yielding
minimum benefits——> _______
Answers :
- Service area that provides health care to people ——> “ Community medicine “
- Organizational framework that contains health centers ——> “ Community medicine “
- Has Only passive operational strategy applied ——> “ Hospital medicine “
- Has limited scope in the national health programs ——> “ Hospital medicine “
- Exits between health department & other related health departments ——> “ Community medicine “
6.Gives : poor cost benefit ratio by involving maximum expenditure yielding
minimum benefits ——> “ Hospital medicine “
- Study it better from the table slide #13
Mention the General (non-specific) primary prevention.
- Health education
- Environmental sanitation
- Nutrition care
- Health life style (balanced life)
- Health legislation
- Community development and social care
Mention the specific primary prevention.
- Immunization both active and passive
- Chemoprophylaxis
- Nutrient supplementation to prevent specific deficiencies
• Others, e.g.,
- therapeutic diets as for phynylketonuria
- wearing protective clothes or masks to prevent occupational hazards
Describe the Early detection of disease in the secondary prevention.
1- Oriented to individuals :
- Priority is given to vulnerable groups
- focusing on the individual for early detection of any health problem
2- Disease oriented :
- community based
- screening tests applied to communities to discover a specific disease
e. g., diabetes survey, nutrition survey
What is the “Prompt appropriate treatment” ?
to achieve cure and prevent complications
Examples :
1- Selection of the antibiotic and the period of treatment ——> to prevent rheumatic fever in streptococcal pharyngitis
2- Achieve pathological cure and prevent
recurrence in case of ——> tuberculosis
Explain “ Rehabilitation “ & its different forms.
Rehabilitation is : ( Tertiary prevention )
- applied to individuals with a disability
- aiming at improving their abilities to be active members of the community
- to be useful for themselves
It has different forms :
- Medical rehabilitation
- Social / Vocational rehabilitation
- Psychological rehabilitation
What is health promotion ?
efforts done at all levels of prevention to improve health along the health spectrum
State the types of curative care & give an explanation for each
- Emergency care: Both medical and surgical conditions
- Episodic care:
- most common type
- for acute conditions patients seek medical care for episodes of disease (e.g., diarrhea, tonsillitis, fevers) - Continuous care:
- chronic disease patients need to be under continuous care (e.g., diabetes mellitus, cancer, heart disease, endocrine deficiencies) - Terminal care:
- in this case the patients in the final stage of a disease, expected to die
- require expensive forms of hospital care
- needs to be careful considered to avoid excess burden to the families / governments
Explain the “ individual approach” with its branches
The concern is for the individual care, it is usually curative care.
- The case approach:
- physicians are concerned only with the clinical condition
- physician may miss important aspects in the diagnosis and in the management
- least type of care
- The total person approach:
- approach the person as a whole
- medical, psychological and social aspects is assessed
- to reach a proper diagnosis
- follow appropriate lines of treatment
Explain the “family approach” and state its conditions
Family practice considers the whole family as one unit for care
For implementing family practice two condition must be fulfilled:
- Same physician or group of physicians: working in the same health facility is caring for all members of the family
- Family health folder :
- medical record for every individual
- problem-oriented family record
- easy identification
Explain the “community approach” with its division
the health services provided to the community should be appropriate to:
- address the health needs
- promote health and wellbeing
- prevent and control priority health problems
- treat any disease condition
