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Psychhhh > Prevalence of rates & disorders > Flashcards

Prevalence of rates & disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Kessler & Bromet aim

A

to compare the prevalence of depression across cultures

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2
Q

Kessler & Bromet method

A

review of publications containing epidemiological data (epidemiological surveys)

  • epidemiological data refers to the frequency of a disease in a given population
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3
Q

Kessler & Bromet results

A
  • MDD is found in all countries where epidemiological surveys were carried out
  • lifetime prevalence estimates for MDD varied widely Czech Republic 1% to USA 16.9%
  • 12 month prevalence ranged from 0.3% to 10%
  • age of onset is similar in high-income & low-income countries
  • sociodemographic correlates of depression are also fairly consistent across cultures. E.g women’s risk for developping MDD is typically twice that of men
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4
Q

Kessler & Bromet conclusion

A
  • prevalence rates of MDD vary considerably across cultures
    • this may be due to a variety of factors including the classification of the system in use, the survey used to establish the systems, representativeness of the samples used in research as well as true prevalence
  • the highest prevalence estimates are found in some of the wealthiest countries in the world
    • the authors suggest that this may be due to income inequality, but this requires further explanation
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5
Q

Diagnosis of MDD symptoms

A
  • depressive moods
  • diminished interest or pleasure in daily activities
  • significant weight change - loss or gain
  • insomnia or hypersomnia
  • fatigue
  • feeling worthless or guilt
  • diminished ability to think or concentrate
  • recurrent suicidal thoughts
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6
Q

Criteria for the diagnosis of MDD

A
  • 5 + of the listed symptoms have been present for 2 weeks
  • these symptoms represent a change from previous functioning
  • at least 1 of the symptoms is either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure
  • symptoms cause significant distress or malfunctioning
  • the symptoms are not attributable to (or better explained by) other conditions and disorders
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7
Q

Bereavement exclusion

A
  • a condition that existed in the DSM-IV & stated that depression cannot be diagnosed if symptoms occur less than 2 weeks after a significant loss, such as the death of a close person (this condition was removed from the DSM-5)
    • this makes diagnosis of depression in DSM-5 more inclusive than it used to be in the DSM-IV: a larger number of ppl can now be diagnosed in the bereavement period
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8
Q

Furnham & Malik aim

A

to investigate cross-cultural beliefs about depression

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9
Q

Furnham & Malik background

A

statistically, British asians are rarely diagnosed w depression - possible explanation for this is that they have it but fail to report it

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10
Q

Furnham & Malik participants

A

152 females in 2 age groups → young & middle aged, half of the participants are native British, other half was asian origin

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11
Q

Furnham & Malik method

A

quasi experiment

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12
Q

Furnham & Malik procedure

A
  • participants filled out questionnaires about their symptoms of mental illness & their beliefs about depression
  • responses were compared across groups (the 2 IVs were culture & age)
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13
Q

Furnham & Malik results

A
  • perception of depression differed among asian & British participants
    • e.g asian participants(but not British) believed depression is temporary & can be fixed by having a job outside home
  • these differences were less pronounced in the group of younger women
  • asian middle-aged women reported being depressed significantly less than the younger group
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14
Q

Furnham & Malik conclusion

A
  • cultural differences exist in the way depression is perceived
    • these differences may be due to underlying cultural dimensions (such as individualism vs collectivism)
  • cultural differences influence the rates at which disorders are reported
  • globalisation gradually erases these cultural differences, w younger generations having less reporting bias
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15
Q

Furnham & Malik aim

A

to investigate cross-cultural beliefs about depression

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16
Q

Furnham & Malik method

A

quasi experiment

17
Q

Furnham & Malik procedure

A
  • participants filled out questionnaires about their symptoms of mental illness & their beliefs about depression
  • responses were compared across groups (the 2 IVs were culture & age)
18
Q

Furnham & Malik results

A
  • perception of depression differed among asian & British participants
    • e.g asian participants(but not British) believed depression is temporary & can be fixed by having a job outside home
  • these differences were less pronounced in the group of younger women
  • asian middle-aged women reported being depressed significantly less than the younger group
19
Q

Furnham & Malik conclusion

A
  • cultural differences exist in the way depression is perceived
    • these differences may be due to *underlying cultural dimensions (such as individualism vs collectivism)
  • cultural differences influence the rates at which disorders are reported
  • globalisation gradually erases these cultural differences, w younger generations having less reporting bias
20
Q

Onset age

A

The average age when individuals in a population are first diagnosed

21
Q

Classification system

A

A diagnostic manual providing a system of diagnostic categories, a set of symptoms for each diagnostic category, and rules for making a diagnosis based on these sets of symptoms.

22
Q

Lifelong prevalence

A

The percentage of people who have had the diagnosis at some point in their lifetime

23
Q

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

A

A mental health disorder characterised by persistent depressive moods and loss of interest in pleasure which can have significant impact on an individual’s daily life.
It is categorised into 4 different sections: emotional, physiological, cognitive and behavioural. To be diagnosed by a clinician, one must have at least 5 of the identified symptoms over the same 2-week period.

24
Q

Factors influencing prevalence rate estimates

A

classification system
clinical biases in diagnosis
cultural differences
gender & age differences

25
Q

classification system - diagnosis is based on it

A
  • diagnosis is on the basis of a list of symptoms & diagnostic criteria
    • these may be subject to change w every subsequent edition of the diagnostic manual (e.g bereavement exclusion MDD was removed from the DSM-5)
      • it needs to be understood that there is no such thing as prevalence rates independent of a classification system
26
Q

clinical biases in diagnosis

A
  • some populations may experience depressive symptoms but be reluctant to report them - known as reporting bias
    • in some societies it might be shameful to have depression
      • it needs to be understood that prevalence rate estimates are based on the number of ppl who sought psychological help & were diagnosed w a disorder, but societies differ considerably in terms of the amount of ppl who are likely to seek psychological help in the first place
27
Q

cultural differences

A
  • Symptoms may be different for the same disorder among different cultures.
  • cultural variations in the expression of symptoms → even if ppl do report their symptoms, they may present them differently in a clinical situation, which (depending on the training of the psychiatrist) may lead to bias in diagnosis
28
Q

gender & age differences

A
  • Symptoms of depression may present themselves differently in different populations
    • Men - tiredness, irritability, anger
    • Women - sadness, worthlessness, guilt
    • Adolescents - irritability and face disciplinary issues at school→ comorbid with anxiety and eating disorders and substance abuse
    • Younger children - separation anxiety and school refusal
29
Q

period prevalence

A

the proportion of people in a given population who have the disorder within a given time interval; typically used periods are 12-month prevalence, lifetime prevalence

30
Q

point prevalence of a disorder

A

the proportion of people in a given population currently diagnosed with the disorder

Psychhhh (26 decks)

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