PREVALENCE OF BIOETHICAL ISSUES Flashcards
Three ways of sex selection:
- pre-implantation method
- post-implantation method
- post-birth method
Made up of hormones similar to those found in a woman’s body.
Oral contraceptive pill
Guarantees straight long 5 yrs of contraception.
Intra-uterine system (Mirena)
Looks like a square band-aid.
Must be worn at all times for 3 wks.
Uses estrogen & progesterone
Contraceptive patch
Intra-uterine system (Mirena) guarantees straight long _ yrs of contraception.
5
Intra-uterine system
Mirena
Mirena
Intra-uterine system
Contraceptive patch must be worn at all times for _ wks.
3
Contraceptive patch uses ____ & ____.
estrogen & progesterone
Sperm Sorting and Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis / Embryo Screening
pre-implantation method
Amniocentesis / ultrasound machines
post-implantation method
- sex-selective infanticide
- sex-selective abandonment
- sex-selective adoption
post-birth method
Woman has to monitor the discharges during ovulation.
Billing’s method
The value of self-determination is cited to support 2 decisions that have been the focus of much controversy for many years:
Abortion
Active euthanasia
Nurses need to be very clear about their own values regarding each of theses issues, and find a balance between _____ & _____ to patients and families.
personal values & professional obligations
Nurses must sort out their own beliefs about what is right and wrong:
-so that they can differentiate between___&___that are consistent with their ____and those that are not.
-Make responsible _____accordingly.
-tasks & roles; ethical stance
-practice decisions
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF ABORTION:
Horrible nightmares of children, body parts, blood
Psychological pain
Feeling of worthlessness
Post-Abortion Syndrome (PAS)
Post-Abortion Syndrome (PAS)
- drug and alcohol abuse
- personal relationship disorders
- sexual dysfunction
- repeated abortions
- communication difficulties
- damaged self-esteem
- attempting suicide
The abortion debate sparks ____, ____ arguments in ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___ arenas.
passionate, emotion-laden; political, social, legal, religious, and moral
Issues of self-determination arise regarding the ___ right to control her body and her life (right to choose), in contrast to rights of the ____ to a chance at life (right to life).
mother’s right; rights of the unborn fetus
mother’s right to control her body and her life
right to choose
rights of the unborn fetus to a chance at life
right to life
Believe that abortion constitutes murder of an unborn person, suggesting it is a legal as well as an ethical matter.
“Right-to-Life” Camp
The right to privacy regarding health care decisions includes a woman’s reproductive choices, implying that governmental regulation is an infringement on this privacy.
“Right-to-Choose” Camp
Values in relation to life are fundamental considerations in regard to abortion, such as:
-Beliefs about when ______.
-Considerations regarding _____ for children who are _____.
-Concerns about the _______.
-Beliefs about when life begins
-Considerations regarding quality of life for children who are unwanted.
-Concerns about the mother’s life & health.
Some believe that life starts at ____-, while others hold that life begins only when a _____-.
conception; fetus is viable outside the womb
Opponents of abortion hold the position that because a ____, it must be accorded all human rights, including the right to life.
fetus possesses humanity
Proponents of abortion argue that based on ____, a woman has a right to her own body, and that no woman should be forced to bear a child that she does not want
autonomy
“MERCY KILLING”
EUTHANASIA
EUTHANASIA
Derived from two Greek words EU, which means well or ____, and THANATOS which means ____.
good; death
EUTHANASIA
Derived from two Greek words __, which means well or good, and ___ which means death.
EU; THANATOS
The act of deliberately ending a life to relieve suffering in a painless way.`
EUTHANASIA
TYPES OF EUTHANASIA
- ACTIVE EUTHANASIA
- PASSIVE EUTHANASIA
- NON-ACTIVE EUTHANASIA
(similar to assisted suicide)
ACTIVE EUTHANASIA
A person deliberately intervenes to end someone’s life
Lethal substances are used to kill a person
ACTIVE EUTHANASIA
Ex. Sodium thiopental, pancuronium bromide
ACTIVE EUTHANASIA
A person causes death by withdrawing or withholding a treatment that is necessary to maintain life
PASSIVE EUTHANASIA
E.g. avoiding the intake of common treatments like antibiotics, chemotherapy
PASSIVE EUTHANASIA
Life-support systems shall be withdrawn from the patient.
NON-ACTIVE EUTHANASIA
FORMS OF EUTHANASIA
- VOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA
- INVOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA
The patient cannot decide for himself/herself to die painlessly so that another person will decide for him/her.
INVOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA
A person makes a conscious decision to die painlessly and asks for help to do this
VOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA
Examples of people who undergo involuntary euthanasia:
Terminally ill
Comatose
Persistent vegetative state (PVS)
Defective newborns
ARGUMENT: Right to Life
ETHICAL CONTRADICTION: _____
Doctor-Assisted Suicide
ARGUMENT: Right to Die
ETHICAL CONTRADICTION: _____
Hippocratic Oath states that “to please no one will I prescribe a deadly drug nor give advice which may cause his death.
A renowned advocate of the immorality and the wrongfulness of euthanasia, condemns euthanasia.
J. GAY – WILLIAMS
J. GAY – WILLIAMS condemns euthanasia for the following reasons:
1) It contradicts ____ since it is a _____ of the natural inclination to _____.
nature; blatant violation; preserve life
-All human beings are endowed with a natural inclination to ___.
-All normal human beings have ____.
preserve life; fear of death
J. GAY – WILLIAMS condemns euthanasia for the following reasons:
2) If practiced, euthanasia will bring a lot of disadvantages because it _______ inasmuch as it leads to medical practitioners to be ______.
endangers the preservation of life; less efficient
J. GAY – WILLIAMS condemns euthanasia for the following reasons:
3) Accepting euthanasia as a practice may result in certain ______.
undesirable long-term consequences
J. GAY – WILLIAMS
He claims that _____ is the total commitment of doctors & nurses, and other healthcare providers.
“TO SAVE LIVES”
J. GAY – WILLIAMS
Thus, to lose the life of a patient must be for them a ______ which is an insult to their ___ and ____.
personal failure; skills and knowledge
If euthanasia would be practiced, this predicament will be ____.
changed
Doctors & nurses might not try hard because patients will be _____.
better off dead
Experts like:
1.
2.
3.
“Euthanasia is immoral and therefore ought not be legalized.”
- E. J. Hayes
- P. J. Hayes
- D. E. Kelly
Experts like E. J. Hayes, P. J. Hayes, D. E. Kelly based their convictions on the following grounds:
1. Legalized euthanasia would _____.
lessen the incentive for medical research
Experts like E. J. Hayes, P. J. Hayes, D. E. Kelly based their convictions on the following grounds:
2. It would become possible ______ of an enemy, or a wealthy relative.
to arrange for the death
Experts like E. J. Hayes, P. J. Hayes, D. E. Kelly based their convictions on the following grounds:
3. ____ euthanasia is but a step removed from _____ euthanasia.
Voluntary; compulsory
Experts like E. J. Hayes, P. J. Hayes, D. E. Kelly based their convictions on the following grounds:
4. The purpose of the medical profession is to _____ not to ____.
preserve life; destroy it
Experts like E. J. Hayes, P. J. Hayes, D. E. Kelly based their convictions on the following grounds:
5. Many patients today surprise the doctor by ____; if euthanasia is legalized, they would be ____.
recovering; killed
Experts like E. J. Hayes, P. J. Hayes, D. E. Kelly based their convictions on the following grounds:
6. The practice of euthanasia would make the doctor a man from whom we would _____ when we are seriously ill.
wish to flee in terror
SUICIDE is derived from the Latin word SUICIDIUM which means to ____.
“to kill oneself”