PREVALENCE OF BIOETHICAL ISSUES Flashcards
1
Q
Three ways of sex selection:
A
- pre-implantation method
- post-implantation method
- post-birth method
2
Q
Made up of hormones similar to those found in a woman’s body.
A
Oral contraceptive pill
3
Q
Guarantees straight long 5 yrs of contraception.
A
Intra-uterine system (Mirena)
4
Q
Looks like a square band-aid.
Must be worn at all times for 3 wks.
Uses estrogen & progesterone
A
Contraceptive patch
5
Q
Intra-uterine system (Mirena) guarantees straight long _ yrs of contraception.
A
5
6
Q
Intra-uterine system
A
Mirena
7
Q
Mirena
A
Intra-uterine system
8
Q
Contraceptive patch must be worn at all times for _ wks.
A
3
9
Q
Contraceptive patch uses ____ & ____.
A
estrogen & progesterone
10
Q
Sperm Sorting and Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis / Embryo Screening
A
pre-implantation method
11
Q
Amniocentesis / ultrasound machines
A
post-implantation method
12
Q
- sex-selective infanticide
- sex-selective abandonment
- sex-selective adoption
A
post-birth method
13
Q
Woman has to monitor the discharges during ovulation.
A
Billing’s method
14
Q
The value of self-determination is cited to support 2 decisions that have been the focus of much controversy for many years:
A
Abortion
Active euthanasia
15
Q
Nurses need to be very clear about their own values regarding each of theses issues, and find a balance between _____ & _____ to patients and families.
A
personal values & professional obligations
16
Q
Nurses must sort out their own beliefs about what is right and wrong:
-so that they can differentiate between___&___that are consistent with their ____and those that are not.
-Make responsible _____accordingly.
A
-tasks & roles; ethical stance
-practice decisions
17
Q
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF ABORTION:
A
Horrible nightmares of children, body parts, blood
Psychological pain
Feeling of worthlessness
Post-Abortion Syndrome (PAS)
18
Q
Post-Abortion Syndrome (PAS)
A
- drug and alcohol abuse
- personal relationship disorders
- sexual dysfunction
- repeated abortions
- communication difficulties
- damaged self-esteem
- attempting suicide
19
Q
The abortion debate sparks ____, ____ arguments in ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___ arenas.
A
passionate, emotion-laden; political, social, legal, religious, and moral
20
Q
Issues of self-determination arise regarding the ___ right to control her body and her life (right to choose), in contrast to rights of the ____ to a chance at life (right to life).
A
mother’s right; rights of the unborn fetus
21
Q
mother’s right to control her body and her life
A
right to choose
22
Q
rights of the unborn fetus to a chance at life
A
right to life
23
Q
Believe that abortion constitutes murder of an unborn person, suggesting it is a legal as well as an ethical matter.
A
“Right-to-Life” Camp
24
Q
The right to privacy regarding health care decisions includes a woman’s reproductive choices, implying that governmental regulation is an infringement on this privacy.
A
“Right-to-Choose” Camp
25
Values in relation to life are fundamental considerations in regard to abortion, such as:
-Beliefs about when ______.
-Considerations regarding _____ for children who are _____.
-Concerns about the _______.
-Beliefs about when life begins
-Considerations regarding quality of life for children who are unwanted.
-Concerns about the mother’s life & health.
26
Some believe that life starts at ____-, while others hold that life begins only when a _____-.
conception; fetus is viable outside the womb
27
Opponents of abortion hold the position that because a ____, it must be accorded all human rights, including the right to life.
fetus possesses humanity
28
Proponents of abortion argue that based on ____, a woman has a right to her own body, and that no woman should be forced to bear a child that she does not want
autonomy
29
“MERCY KILLING”
EUTHANASIA
30
EUTHANASIA
Derived from two Greek words EU, which means well or ____, and THANATOS which means ____.
good; death
31
EUTHANASIA
Derived from two Greek words __, which means well or good, and ___ which means death.
EU; THANATOS
32
The act of deliberately ending a life to relieve suffering in a painless way.`
EUTHANASIA
33
TYPES OF EUTHANASIA
1. ACTIVE EUTHANASIA
2. PASSIVE EUTHANASIA
3. NON-ACTIVE EUTHANASIA
34
(similar to assisted suicide)
ACTIVE EUTHANASIA
35
A person deliberately intervenes to end someone’s life
Lethal substances are used to kill a person
ACTIVE EUTHANASIA
36
Ex. Sodium thiopental, pancuronium bromide
ACTIVE EUTHANASIA
37
A person causes death by withdrawing or withholding a treatment that is necessary to maintain life
PASSIVE EUTHANASIA
38
E.g. avoiding the intake of common treatments like antibiotics, chemotherapy
PASSIVE EUTHANASIA
39
Life-support systems shall be withdrawn from the patient.
NON-ACTIVE EUTHANASIA
40
FORMS OF EUTHANASIA
1. VOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA
2. INVOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA
41
The patient cannot decide for himself/herself to die painlessly so that another person will decide for him/her.
INVOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA
42
A person makes a conscious decision to die painlessly and asks for help to do this
VOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA
43
Examples of people who undergo involuntary euthanasia:
Terminally ill
Comatose
Persistent vegetative state (PVS)
Defective newborns
44
ARGUMENT: Right to Life
ETHICAL CONTRADICTION: _____
Doctor-Assisted Suicide
45
ARGUMENT: Right to Die
ETHICAL CONTRADICTION: _____
Hippocratic Oath states that “to please no one will I prescribe a deadly drug nor give advice which may cause his death.
46
A renowned advocate of the immorality and the wrongfulness of euthanasia, condemns euthanasia.
J. GAY – WILLIAMS
47
J. GAY – WILLIAMS condemns euthanasia for the following reasons:
1) It contradicts ____ since it is a _____ of the natural inclination to _____.
nature; blatant violation; preserve life
48
-All human beings are endowed with a natural inclination to ___.
-All normal human beings have ____.
preserve life; fear of death
49
J. GAY – WILLIAMS condemns euthanasia for the following reasons:
2) If practiced, euthanasia will bring a lot of disadvantages because it _______ inasmuch as it leads to medical practitioners to be ______.
endangers the preservation of life; less efficient
50
J. GAY – WILLIAMS condemns euthanasia for the following reasons:
3) Accepting euthanasia as a practice may result in certain ______.
undesirable long-term consequences
51
J. GAY – WILLIAMS
He claims that _____ is the total commitment of doctors & nurses, and other healthcare providers.
“TO SAVE LIVES”
52
J. GAY – WILLIAMS
Thus, to lose the life of a patient must be for them a ______ which is an insult to their ___ and ____.
personal failure; skills and knowledge
53
If euthanasia would be practiced, this predicament will be ____.
changed
54
Doctors & nurses might not try hard because patients will be _____.
better off dead
55
Experts like:
1.
2.
3.
“Euthanasia is immoral and therefore ought not be legalized.”
1. E. J. Hayes
2. P. J. Hayes
3. D. E. Kelly
56
Experts like E. J. Hayes, P. J. Hayes, D. E. Kelly based their convictions on the following grounds:
1. Legalized euthanasia would _____.
lessen the incentive for medical research
57
Experts like E. J. Hayes, P. J. Hayes, D. E. Kelly based their convictions on the following grounds:
2. It would become possible ______ of an enemy, or a wealthy relative.
to arrange for the death
58
Experts like E. J. Hayes, P. J. Hayes, D. E. Kelly based their convictions on the following grounds:
3. ____ euthanasia is but a step removed from _____ euthanasia.
Voluntary; compulsory
59
Experts like E. J. Hayes, P. J. Hayes, D. E. Kelly based their convictions on the following grounds:
4. The purpose of the medical profession is to _____ not to ____.
preserve life; destroy it
60
Experts like E. J. Hayes, P. J. Hayes, D. E. Kelly based their convictions on the following grounds:
5. Many patients today surprise the doctor by ____; if euthanasia is legalized, they would be ____.
recovering; killed
61
Experts like E. J. Hayes, P. J. Hayes, D. E. Kelly based their convictions on the following grounds:
6. The practice of euthanasia would make the doctor a man from whom we would _____ when we are seriously ill.
wish to flee in terror
62
SUICIDE is derived from the Latin word SUICIDIUM which means to ____.
“to kill oneself”
63
The direct killing of oneself on one’s own authority.
SUICIDE
64
The intentional killing of one’s own life.
SUICIDE
65
In suicide, the agent of death is the ____.
person himself
66
SUICIDE is derived from the Latin word ___ which means to “to kill oneself”.
SUICIDIUM
67
the act of deliberately assisting or encouraging another person to kill themselves.
ASSISTED SUICIDE
68
Physician directly commits the act by medical means
MEDICAL EUTHANASIA
69
The physician is necessary and sufficient for the act to be completed
MEDICAL EUTHANASIA
70
The patient's condition provides the context
MEDICAL EUTHANASIA
71
The physician provides the medical means
ASSISTED SUICIDE
72
The physician is necessary, but not sufficient for the act to be completed
ASSISTED SUICIDE
73
The patient needs to do the final act
ASSISTED SUICIDE
74
Deprivation of O2 by hanging oneself
Asphyxation
75
poisoning
Toxification
76
Jumping from a building, etc.
Blunt force trauma
77
Making oneself killed by a train, truck, etc.
Self-defenestrating
78
Slitting one’s wrist, abdomen, etc.
Exsanguination/Bloodletting
79
A deliberate and willing sacrifice of oneself often by fire.
Self-immolation
80
COMMON METHODS OF SUICIDE: (9)
Asphyxation
Toxification
Blunt force trauma
Self-defenestrating
Exsanguination/Bloodletting
Drowning
Electrocution
Self-immolation
Starvation
81
CAUSES OF SUICIDE: (5)
Physical pain, illness
Anxiety, emotional pressure
Financial difficulties
Shame, guilt, depression, desperation
Psychological disturbance, mental disturbance
82
Principle of stewardship
Suicide is a sin
Natural Law of Ethics
83
Whenever one has become a burden and liability to the greatest number of people, its justifiable to commit suicide
Utilitarian’s Principle
84
Categorical Imperative
Principle of autonomy/self-determination
Kant’s Ethics
85
Treat individuals not as means only but also as ends
Categorical Imperative
86
Has the right to decide whether to commit suicide or not
Principle of autonomy/self-determination
87
Is SUICIDE immoral?
YES OR NO
YES
88
TRUE OR FALSE
Suicide is nothing else but tantamount to cowardice.
TRUE
89
TRUE or FALSE
Suicide is a total reversion and aversion of sanctity of the God-given life.
TRUE
90
TRUE or FALSE
Suicide is a blatant negation to deny the facts of life in the name of courage, obligation, respect, love & gratitude to God and members of human society.
FALSE; accept the facts of life
91
TRUE or FALSE
It is therefore the paramount duty of the healthcare providers to keep track of the emotional status and mental directions of their patients, especially those who are suffering from malignant diseases, to hold on to their life, no matter what.
TRUE
92
TRUEor FALSE
Healthcare providers must always be ready to assist their patients in their spiritual, physical, emotional, psychological, and mental turmoils.
TRUE
93
DANGERS OF LEGAL EUTHANASIA AND ASSISTED SUICIDE
•_____ don’t prevent abuse of euthanasia laws
Safeguards
94
DANGERS OF LEGAL EUTHANASIA AND ASSISTED SUICIDE
• Doctors killing people becomes _____.
normalised
95
DANGERS OF LEGAL EUTHANASIA AND ASSISTED SUICIDE
• It compromises ___ and ___ care
palliative and hospice care
96
DANGERS OF LEGAL EUTHANASIA AND ASSISTED SUICIDE
• People will die because of _______.
mistaken diagnosis or prognosis
97
DANGERS OF LEGAL EUTHANASIA AND ASSISTED SUICIDE
• Euthanasia and assisted suicide don't guarantee a ___.
dignified death
98
DANGERS OF LEGAL EUTHANASIA AND ASSISTED SUICIDE
• Euthanasia and assisted suicide are the ultimate tools for ____.
elder abuse
99
3 examples of post-birth method
- sex-selective infanticide
- sex-selective abandonment
- sex-selective adoption
100
CHARACTERISTICS OF DEATH: (6)
It is ineffable.
It is inescapable.
It is beyond experience.
It is personal.
It is ontological.
It is the grand equalizer.
101
Incapable of being expressed in words; complex in nature; mysterious
It is ineffable.
102
Everybody dies
It is inescapable.
103
One can never have a chance to have a taste of death and later share her encounter with it.
It is beyond experience.
104
There is no such thing as “untimely death”.
It is personal.
105
Intrinsically embedded in us at the very moment when we earned the breath of life.
“As soon as man comes to life, he is at once old enough to die”.
It is ontological.
106
It is never choosy of who it seeks to take.
Death takes anybody in a designated moment as it strikes.
It is the grand equalizer.
107
is the permanent cessation of all bodily functions.
DEATH MEDICAL DEFINITION
108
is the cessation of life as indicated by the absence of blood circulation, respiration, pulse and other vital functions.
The ___ person is fit to be buried.
DEATH LEGAL DEFINITION
109
Death is the irreversible cessation of all the following:
(1) EEG assessed _______.
(2) Spontaneous function of the _______
(3) Spontaneous function of the ___________.
(1) EEG assessed flat-lined total cerebral function
(2) Spontaneous function of the respiratory system
(3) Spontaneous function of the circulatory system
110
An individual who has sustained either (1) irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions; or (2) irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain, is dead. A determination of death must be made in accordance with accepted medical standards.
UNIFORM DETERMINATION OF DEATH ACT (UDDA)
DEFINITION
111
UNIFORM DETERMINATION OF DEATH ACT (UDDA)
DEFINITION
An individual who has sustained either (1) _______; or (2) _________ A determination of death must be made in accordance with ________.
(1) irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions
(2) irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain, is dead.
accepted medical standards
112
BRAIN DEATH
Patient shows total _______ to all external stimuli and is _______ to painful stimuli.
unreceptivity or unawareness; unresponsive
113
BRAIN DEATH
All spontaneous muscular movement and respirations are ____.
gone
114
BRAIN DEATH
The ____ loss reflexes and are dilated and fixed.
pupils
115
BRAIN DEATH
Still breathe with the help of a _____.
ventilator
116
BRAIN DEATH
Legally ____
dead
117
A medical condition that precedes death rather than being actually dead.
Clinical death
118
Example of clinical death
Cardiac arrest
119
A cell that has the ability to divide or self replicate for indefinite periods---often throughout the life of an organism.
STEM CELL
120
Stem cells have the potential to develop into _______ that have the characteristic shapes and specialized functions.
mature cells
121
2 PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STEM CELLS
They are _______ that ____ themselves for long periods through cell division;
unspecialized cells; renew
122
2 PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STEM CELLS
They can be induced to become cells of the ______, or the _______- cells in the pancreas.
heart muscle; insulin-producing
123
There are several kinds of stem cells in the human body.
Example:
______ stem cells found in the bone marrow
Hematopoietic
124
There are several kinds of stem cells in the human body.
Example:
______ stem cells found in the nervous system.
Neural
125
STEM CELL TECHNOLOGY
Their supply in the human body is so _____ as compared to the stem cells found in the embryos.
limited
126
The most undifferentiated stem cell is the zygote, embryo, or the fertilized egg.
Embryonic Stem Cell
127
Removal of cell from the human embryo was initiated in _______.
August 09, 2001.
128
3 Kinds of Stem Cells:
Totipotent
Multipotent
Pluripotent
129
Have the total potential to develop into different types of cell.
Totipotent stem cells
130
Are those whose potentiality to develop into other cell types are minimal or limited in numbers.
Multipotent stem cells
131
Can develop into any cell type except in the potentiality to develop as a fetus.
Pluripotent stem cells
132
Only the ________ have the intrinsic potency to become a zygote or an embryo.
Totipotent stem cells
133
Scientists extract ______ from human embryos to come to terms with cure or healing of various diseases.
Pluripotent stem cells
134
Embryos used for this purpose are those that are considered extra or surplus which are generated from experiments outside the womb of the mother.
Pluripotent stem cells
135
In ____, scientists discovered the production of _________ by using skin cells.
2006; induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS)
136
induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) uses _____.
skin cells
137
This method allows doctors to create stem cells with a specific patient’s genetic code, eliminating the risk that the body would reject transplanted tissues or organs.
induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS)
138
When does human life , or personhood begin according to ART 41 OF THE CIVIL CODE?
“For civil purposes, the fetus is considered born if it is alive at the time it is ________.
However if the fetus had an intra-uterine life of less than ____ months, it is not deemed born if it dies within __ hours after its complete delivery from the maternal womb.”
completely delivered from the mother’s womb; seven months, it is not deemed born if it dies within 24 hours after its complete delivery from the maternal womb.
139
“For civil purposes, the fetus is considered born if it is alive at the time it is completely delivered from the mother’s womb.
However if the fetus had an intra-uterine life of less than seven months, it is not deemed born if it dies within 24 hours after its complete delivery from the maternal womb.”
ART 41 OF THE CIVIL CODE
140
“Civil personality is extinguished by death. The effect of death upon the rights and obligations of the deceased is determined by law, by contract and by will.”
ART. 42 OF THE CIVIL CODE
141
Issue of human personhood is determined at fertilization or conception.
P.D. 603
142
THEORIES OF THE BEGINNING OF EXISTENCE OF HUMAN LIFE (6)
1. NEUROLOGICAL THEORY
2. BIOLOGICAL INDEPENDENCE THEORY
3. METABOLIC THEORY
4. EMBRYOLOGICAL THEORY
5. SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS THEORY
6. GENETIC THEORY
143
Based on the capabilities and functions of electroencephalogram (EEG)
NEUROLOGICAL THEORY
144
NEUROLOGICAL THEORY
EEG recognizes the life of a fetus at approximately __-__ weeks
24-27 weeks
145
According to _______ and _______, that very moment when a developing fetus starts to manifest an EEG pattern indicates the beginning of human life
HAROLD MOROWITZ and JAMES TREFIL
146
NEUROLOGICAL THEORY
Human life begins from _ – _ months after gestation
4 – 6 months after gestation
147
Founded on viability and depends on the maturation of the lungs of the growing fetus.
BIOLOGICAL INDEPENDENCE THEORY
148
BIOLOGICAL INDEPENDENCE THEORY
Based on this theory, not until the fetus has acquired ________ that can strongly allow it to be viable, or exist outside the uterus, only then can it be said to have started to live, or have enjoyed the status of human life.
matured lungs
149
Advocates that there is no such thing as fertilization
Believe that the concept of fertilization is only concocted by both physicians & biologists only for academic purposes.
METABOLIC THEORY
150
Believes that beginning of human life happens at gastrulation
Maintains that the embryo is credited of being a human being; however it is not a person yet
EMBRYOLOGICAL THEORY
151
the process in which a gastrula (an embryo in an early stage of development) differentiates into two cell layers; approximately starts at the third week of pregnancy
Gastrulation
152
EMBRYOLOGICAL THEORY
Advocates that from __ to __ days after fertilization, the embryo is intrinsically capable of splitting into identical twins
12 to 14 days after fertilization
153
Human life begins when the child earns consciousness of his/her very self
SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS THEORY
154
SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS THEORY
Proposed by _______, argues that only when the child attains consciousness can he/she be ascribed as a person
MICHAEL TOOLEY
155
Fertilization or conception marks the beginning of humanness and personhood
Considers the conceptus a person
GENETIC THEORY
