PREVALENCE OF BIOETHICAL ISSUES Flashcards
Three ways of sex selection:
- pre-implantation method
- post-implantation method
- post-birth method
Made up of hormones similar to those found in a woman’s body.
Oral contraceptive pill
Guarantees straight long 5 yrs of contraception.
Intra-uterine system (Mirena)
Looks like a square band-aid.
Must be worn at all times for 3 wks.
Uses estrogen & progesterone
Contraceptive patch
Intra-uterine system (Mirena) guarantees straight long _ yrs of contraception.
5
Intra-uterine system
Mirena
Mirena
Intra-uterine system
Contraceptive patch must be worn at all times for _ wks.
3
Contraceptive patch uses ____ & ____.
estrogen & progesterone
Sperm Sorting and Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis / Embryo Screening
pre-implantation method
Amniocentesis / ultrasound machines
post-implantation method
- sex-selective infanticide
- sex-selective abandonment
- sex-selective adoption
post-birth method
Woman has to monitor the discharges during ovulation.
Billing’s method
The value of self-determination is cited to support 2 decisions that have been the focus of much controversy for many years:
Abortion
Active euthanasia
Nurses need to be very clear about their own values regarding each of theses issues, and find a balance between _____ & _____ to patients and families.
personal values & professional obligations
Nurses must sort out their own beliefs about what is right and wrong:
-so that they can differentiate between___&___that are consistent with their ____and those that are not.
-Make responsible _____accordingly.
-tasks & roles; ethical stance
-practice decisions
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF ABORTION:
Horrible nightmares of children, body parts, blood
Psychological pain
Feeling of worthlessness
Post-Abortion Syndrome (PAS)
Post-Abortion Syndrome (PAS)
- drug and alcohol abuse
- personal relationship disorders
- sexual dysfunction
- repeated abortions
- communication difficulties
- damaged self-esteem
- attempting suicide
The abortion debate sparks ____, ____ arguments in ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___ arenas.
passionate, emotion-laden; political, social, legal, religious, and moral
Issues of self-determination arise regarding the ___ right to control her body and her life (right to choose), in contrast to rights of the ____ to a chance at life (right to life).
mother’s right; rights of the unborn fetus
mother’s right to control her body and her life
right to choose
rights of the unborn fetus to a chance at life
right to life
Believe that abortion constitutes murder of an unborn person, suggesting it is a legal as well as an ethical matter.
“Right-to-Life” Camp
The right to privacy regarding health care decisions includes a woman’s reproductive choices, implying that governmental regulation is an infringement on this privacy.
“Right-to-Choose” Camp
Values in relation to life are fundamental considerations in regard to abortion, such as:
-Beliefs about when ______.
-Considerations regarding _____ for children who are _____.
-Concerns about the _______.
-Beliefs about when life begins
-Considerations regarding quality of life for children who are unwanted.
-Concerns about the mother’s life & health.
Some believe that life starts at ____-, while others hold that life begins only when a _____-.
conception; fetus is viable outside the womb
Opponents of abortion hold the position that because a ____, it must be accorded all human rights, including the right to life.
fetus possesses humanity
Proponents of abortion argue that based on ____, a woman has a right to her own body, and that no woman should be forced to bear a child that she does not want
autonomy
“MERCY KILLING”
EUTHANASIA
EUTHANASIA
Derived from two Greek words EU, which means well or ____, and THANATOS which means ____.
good; death
EUTHANASIA
Derived from two Greek words __, which means well or good, and ___ which means death.
EU; THANATOS
The act of deliberately ending a life to relieve suffering in a painless way.`
EUTHANASIA
TYPES OF EUTHANASIA
- ACTIVE EUTHANASIA
- PASSIVE EUTHANASIA
- NON-ACTIVE EUTHANASIA
(similar to assisted suicide)
ACTIVE EUTHANASIA
A person deliberately intervenes to end someone’s life
Lethal substances are used to kill a person
ACTIVE EUTHANASIA
Ex. Sodium thiopental, pancuronium bromide
ACTIVE EUTHANASIA
A person causes death by withdrawing or withholding a treatment that is necessary to maintain life
PASSIVE EUTHANASIA
E.g. avoiding the intake of common treatments like antibiotics, chemotherapy
PASSIVE EUTHANASIA
Life-support systems shall be withdrawn from the patient.
NON-ACTIVE EUTHANASIA
FORMS OF EUTHANASIA
- VOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA
- INVOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA
The patient cannot decide for himself/herself to die painlessly so that another person will decide for him/her.
INVOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA
A person makes a conscious decision to die painlessly and asks for help to do this
VOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA
Examples of people who undergo involuntary euthanasia:
Terminally ill
Comatose
Persistent vegetative state (PVS)
Defective newborns
ARGUMENT: Right to Life
ETHICAL CONTRADICTION: _____
Doctor-Assisted Suicide
ARGUMENT: Right to Die
ETHICAL CONTRADICTION: _____
Hippocratic Oath states that “to please no one will I prescribe a deadly drug nor give advice which may cause his death.
A renowned advocate of the immorality and the wrongfulness of euthanasia, condemns euthanasia.
J. GAY – WILLIAMS
J. GAY – WILLIAMS condemns euthanasia for the following reasons:
1) It contradicts ____ since it is a _____ of the natural inclination to _____.
nature; blatant violation; preserve life
-All human beings are endowed with a natural inclination to ___.
-All normal human beings have ____.
preserve life; fear of death
J. GAY – WILLIAMS condemns euthanasia for the following reasons:
2) If practiced, euthanasia will bring a lot of disadvantages because it _______ inasmuch as it leads to medical practitioners to be ______.
endangers the preservation of life; less efficient
J. GAY – WILLIAMS condemns euthanasia for the following reasons:
3) Accepting euthanasia as a practice may result in certain ______.
undesirable long-term consequences
J. GAY – WILLIAMS
He claims that _____ is the total commitment of doctors & nurses, and other healthcare providers.
“TO SAVE LIVES”
J. GAY – WILLIAMS
Thus, to lose the life of a patient must be for them a ______ which is an insult to their ___ and ____.
personal failure; skills and knowledge
If euthanasia would be practiced, this predicament will be ____.
changed
Doctors & nurses might not try hard because patients will be _____.
better off dead
Experts like:
1.
2.
3.
“Euthanasia is immoral and therefore ought not be legalized.”
- E. J. Hayes
- P. J. Hayes
- D. E. Kelly
Experts like E. J. Hayes, P. J. Hayes, D. E. Kelly based their convictions on the following grounds:
1. Legalized euthanasia would _____.
lessen the incentive for medical research
Experts like E. J. Hayes, P. J. Hayes, D. E. Kelly based their convictions on the following grounds:
2. It would become possible ______ of an enemy, or a wealthy relative.
to arrange for the death
Experts like E. J. Hayes, P. J. Hayes, D. E. Kelly based their convictions on the following grounds:
3. ____ euthanasia is but a step removed from _____ euthanasia.
Voluntary; compulsory
Experts like E. J. Hayes, P. J. Hayes, D. E. Kelly based their convictions on the following grounds:
4. The purpose of the medical profession is to _____ not to ____.
preserve life; destroy it
Experts like E. J. Hayes, P. J. Hayes, D. E. Kelly based their convictions on the following grounds:
5. Many patients today surprise the doctor by ____; if euthanasia is legalized, they would be ____.
recovering; killed
Experts like E. J. Hayes, P. J. Hayes, D. E. Kelly based their convictions on the following grounds:
6. The practice of euthanasia would make the doctor a man from whom we would _____ when we are seriously ill.
wish to flee in terror
SUICIDE is derived from the Latin word SUICIDIUM which means to ____.
“to kill oneself”
The direct killing of oneself on one’s own authority.
SUICIDE
The intentional killing of one’s own life.
SUICIDE
In suicide, the agent of death is the ____.
person himself
SUICIDE is derived from the Latin word ___ which means to “to kill oneself”.
SUICIDIUM
the act of deliberately assisting or encouraging another person to kill themselves.
ASSISTED SUICIDE
Physician directly commits the act by medical means
MEDICAL EUTHANASIA
The physician is necessary and sufficient for the act to be completed
MEDICAL EUTHANASIA
The patient’s condition provides the context
MEDICAL EUTHANASIA
The physician provides the medical means
ASSISTED SUICIDE
The physician is necessary, but not sufficient for the act to be completed
ASSISTED SUICIDE
The patient needs to do the final act
ASSISTED SUICIDE
Deprivation of O2 by hanging oneself
Asphyxation
poisoning
Toxification
Jumping from a building, etc.
Blunt force trauma
Making oneself killed by a train, truck, etc.
Self-defenestrating
Slitting one’s wrist, abdomen, etc.
Exsanguination/Bloodletting
A deliberate and willing sacrifice of oneself often by fire.
Self-immolation
COMMON METHODS OF SUICIDE: (9)
Asphyxation
Toxification
Blunt force trauma
Self-defenestrating
Exsanguination/Bloodletting
Drowning
Electrocution
Self-immolation
Starvation
CAUSES OF SUICIDE: (5)
Physical pain, illness
Anxiety, emotional pressure
Financial difficulties
Shame, guilt, depression, desperation
Psychological disturbance, mental disturbance
Principle of stewardship
Suicide is a sin
Natural Law of Ethics
Whenever one has become a burden and liability to the greatest number of people, its justifiable to commit suicide
Utilitarian’s Principle
Categorical Imperative
Principle of autonomy/self-determination
Kant’s Ethics
Treat individuals not as means only but also as ends
Categorical Imperative
Has the right to decide whether to commit suicide or not
Principle of autonomy/self-determination
Is SUICIDE immoral?
YES OR NO
YES
TRUE OR FALSE
Suicide is nothing else but tantamount to cowardice.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE
Suicide is a total reversion and aversion of sanctity of the God-given life.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE
Suicide is a blatant negation to deny the facts of life in the name of courage, obligation, respect, love & gratitude to God and members of human society.
FALSE; accept the facts of life
TRUE or FALSE
It is therefore the paramount duty of the healthcare providers to keep track of the emotional status and mental directions of their patients, especially those who are suffering from malignant diseases, to hold on to their life, no matter what.
TRUE
TRUEor FALSE
Healthcare providers must always be ready to assist their patients in their spiritual, physical, emotional, psychological, and mental turmoils.
TRUE
DANGERS OF LEGAL EUTHANASIA AND ASSISTED SUICIDE
•_____ don’t prevent abuse of euthanasia laws
Safeguards
DANGERS OF LEGAL EUTHANASIA AND ASSISTED SUICIDE
• Doctors killing people becomes _____.
normalised
DANGERS OF LEGAL EUTHANASIA AND ASSISTED SUICIDE
• It compromises ___ and ___ care
palliative and hospice care
DANGERS OF LEGAL EUTHANASIA AND ASSISTED SUICIDE
• People will die because of _______.
mistaken diagnosis or prognosis
DANGERS OF LEGAL EUTHANASIA AND ASSISTED SUICIDE
• Euthanasia and assisted suicide don’t guarantee a ___.
dignified death
DANGERS OF LEGAL EUTHANASIA AND ASSISTED SUICIDE
• Euthanasia and assisted suicide are the ultimate tools for ____.
elder abuse
3 examples of post-birth method
- sex-selective infanticide
- sex-selective abandonment
- sex-selective adoption
CHARACTERISTICS OF DEATH: (6)
It is ineffable.
It is inescapable.
It is beyond experience.
It is personal.
It is ontological.
It is the grand equalizer.
Incapable of being expressed in words; complex in nature; mysterious
It is ineffable.
Everybody dies
It is inescapable.
One can never have a chance to have a taste of death and later share her encounter with it.
It is beyond experience.
There is no such thing as “untimely death”.
It is personal.
Intrinsically embedded in us at the very moment when we earned the breath of life.
“As soon as man comes to life, he is at once old enough to die”.
It is ontological.
It is never choosy of who it seeks to take.
Death takes anybody in a designated moment as it strikes.
It is the grand equalizer.
is the permanent cessation of all bodily functions.
DEATH MEDICAL DEFINITION
is the cessation of life as indicated by the absence of blood circulation, respiration, pulse and other vital functions.
The ___ person is fit to be buried.
DEATH LEGAL DEFINITION
Death is the irreversible cessation of all the following:
(1) EEG assessed _______.
(2) Spontaneous function of the _______
(3) Spontaneous function of the ___________.
(1) EEG assessed flat-lined total cerebral function
(2) Spontaneous function of the respiratory system
(3) Spontaneous function of the circulatory system
An individual who has sustained either (1) irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions; or (2) irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain, is dead. A determination of death must be made in accordance with accepted medical standards.
UNIFORM DETERMINATION OF DEATH ACT (UDDA)
DEFINITION
UNIFORM DETERMINATION OF DEATH ACT (UDDA)
DEFINITION
An individual who has sustained either (1) _______; or (2) _________ A determination of death must be made in accordance with ________.
(1) irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions
(2) irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain, is dead.
accepted medical standards
BRAIN DEATH
Patient shows total _______ to all external stimuli and is _______ to painful stimuli.
unreceptivity or unawareness; unresponsive
BRAIN DEATH
All spontaneous muscular movement and respirations are ____.
gone
BRAIN DEATH
The ____ loss reflexes and are dilated and fixed.
pupils
BRAIN DEATH
Still breathe with the help of a _____.
ventilator
BRAIN DEATH
Legally ____
dead
A medical condition that precedes death rather than being actually dead.
Clinical death
Example of clinical death
Cardiac arrest
A cell that has the ability to divide or self replicate for indefinite periods—often throughout the life of an organism.
STEM CELL
Stem cells have the potential to develop into _______ that have the characteristic shapes and specialized functions.
mature cells
2 PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STEM CELLS
They are _______ that ____ themselves for long periods through cell division;
unspecialized cells; renew
2 PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STEM CELLS
They can be induced to become cells of the ______, or the _______- cells in the pancreas.
heart muscle; insulin-producing
There are several kinds of stem cells in the human body.
Example:
______ stem cells found in the bone marrow
Hematopoietic
There are several kinds of stem cells in the human body.
Example:
______ stem cells found in the nervous system.
Neural
STEM CELL TECHNOLOGY
Their supply in the human body is so _____ as compared to the stem cells found in the embryos.
limited
The most undifferentiated stem cell is the zygote, embryo, or the fertilized egg.
Embryonic Stem Cell
Removal of cell from the human embryo was initiated in _______.
August 09, 2001.
3 Kinds of Stem Cells:
Totipotent
Multipotent
Pluripotent
Have the total potential to develop into different types of cell.
Totipotent stem cells
Are those whose potentiality to develop into other cell types are minimal or limited in numbers.
Multipotent stem cells
Can develop into any cell type except in the potentiality to develop as a fetus.
Pluripotent stem cells
Only the ________ have the intrinsic potency to become a zygote or an embryo.
Totipotent stem cells
Scientists extract ______ from human embryos to come to terms with cure or healing of various diseases.
Pluripotent stem cells
Embryos used for this purpose are those that are considered extra or surplus which are generated from experiments outside the womb of the mother.
Pluripotent stem cells
In ____, scientists discovered the production of _________ by using skin cells.
2006; induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS)
induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) uses _____.
skin cells
This method allows doctors to create stem cells with a specific patient’s genetic code, eliminating the risk that the body would reject transplanted tissues or organs.
induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS)
When does human life , or personhood begin according to ART 41 OF THE CIVIL CODE?
“For civil purposes, the fetus is considered born if it is alive at the time it is ________.
However if the fetus had an intra-uterine life of less than ____ months, it is not deemed born if it dies within __ hours after its complete delivery from the maternal womb.”
completely delivered from the mother’s womb; seven months, it is not deemed born if it dies within 24 hours after its complete delivery from the maternal womb.
“For civil purposes, the fetus is considered born if it is alive at the time it is completely delivered from the mother’s womb.
However if the fetus had an intra-uterine life of less than seven months, it is not deemed born if it dies within 24 hours after its complete delivery from the maternal womb.”
ART 41 OF THE CIVIL CODE
“Civil personality is extinguished by death. The effect of death upon the rights and obligations of the deceased is determined by law, by contract and by will.”
ART. 42 OF THE CIVIL CODE
Issue of human personhood is determined at fertilization or conception.
P.D. 603
THEORIES OF THE BEGINNING OF EXISTENCE OF HUMAN LIFE (6)
- NEUROLOGICAL THEORY
- BIOLOGICAL INDEPENDENCE THEORY
- METABOLIC THEORY
- EMBRYOLOGICAL THEORY
- SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS THEORY
- GENETIC THEORY
Based on the capabilities and functions of electroencephalogram (EEG)
NEUROLOGICAL THEORY
NEUROLOGICAL THEORY
EEG recognizes the life of a fetus at approximately __-__ weeks
24-27 weeks
According to _______ and _______, that very moment when a developing fetus starts to manifest an EEG pattern indicates the beginning of human life
HAROLD MOROWITZ and JAMES TREFIL
NEUROLOGICAL THEORY
Human life begins from _ – _ months after gestation
4 – 6 months after gestation
Founded on viability and depends on the maturation of the lungs of the growing fetus.
BIOLOGICAL INDEPENDENCE THEORY
BIOLOGICAL INDEPENDENCE THEORY
Based on this theory, not until the fetus has acquired ________ that can strongly allow it to be viable, or exist outside the uterus, only then can it be said to have started to live, or have enjoyed the status of human life.
matured lungs
Advocates that there is no such thing as fertilization
Believe that the concept of fertilization is only concocted by both physicians & biologists only for academic purposes.
METABOLIC THEORY
Believes that beginning of human life happens at gastrulation
Maintains that the embryo is credited of being a human being; however it is not a person yet
EMBRYOLOGICAL THEORY
the process in which a gastrula (an embryo in an early stage of development) differentiates into two cell layers; approximately starts at the third week of pregnancy
Gastrulation
EMBRYOLOGICAL THEORY
Advocates that from __ to __ days after fertilization, the embryo is intrinsically capable of splitting into identical twins
12 to 14 days after fertilization
Human life begins when the child earns consciousness of his/her very self
SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS THEORY
SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS THEORY
Proposed by _______, argues that only when the child attains consciousness can he/she be ascribed as a person
MICHAEL TOOLEY
Fertilization or conception marks the beginning of humanness and personhood
Considers the conceptus a person
GENETIC THEORY
