Issues on Artificial Reproduction its Morality and EthicoMoral Responsibility of Nurses Flashcards
Methods used to achieve pregnancy through the use of artificial or partially artificial means.
Assisted Reproductive Technology
Assisted Reproductive Technology is grossly used for ______.
infertility treatment
Defines as the act through which sperm is placed into a female’s uterus, or the intrauterine method, or into the cervix, or the intracervical method
Assisted Reproductive Technology
sperm is placed into a female’s uterus,
intrauterine method
sperm is placed into a female’s cervix
intracervical method
TWO PROCESS THAT AI EMPLOYS:
- Homologous or Artificial Insemination from the Husband (AIH)
- Heterologous or Artificial Insemination from a Donor (AID)
sperm of the Husband of the Woman
Homologous or Artificial Insemination from the Husband (AIH)
sperm of a construed donor
Heterologous or Artificial Insemination from a Donor (AID)
It must be clear that in AIH or AID, it is the ___ who is incapable of reproduction and not the ____.
wife; husband
RISKS of ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION (3)
Multiple Delivery
Preterm Delivery
Birth – Weight Delivery
Some Catholic Theolegians argue that the AIH is acceptable while AID is not for it is equivalent to ______.
‘‘permitted’’ adultery
Children conceived or born during the marriage of the parents are legitimate.
Children conceived as a result of artificial insemination of the wife with the sperm of the husband or that of a donor or both are likewise legitimate children of the husband and his wife, provided, that both of them authorized or ratified such insemination in a written instrument executed and signed by them before the birth of the child. The instrument shall be recorded in the civil registry together with the birth certificate of the child.
(Executive Order No. 209, s. 1987)
Chapter 1, Art. 164
THE FAMILY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES under PATERNITY AND FILIATION
the world’s very first IVF baby
Louise Brown
is a procedure in which eggs are removed from a woman and fertilized in laboratory dish (either husband or another man) embryos are then implanted in a woman, where egg may be brought to term. (Edge & Groves, 2019)
In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
REASONS WHY IVF IS DONE (2)
infertility
desire to have a child without male partner (Staff, 2019)
BEFORE IVF: (3)
-Fertility
-Semen Sample
-Donor sperm
STEPS OF IVF: (5)
Ovarian Stimulation
Egg Retrieval
Sperm Retrieval
Fertilization
Embryo transfer
If you’re using your own eggs duringIVF, at the start of a cycle you’ll begin treatment with _______ to stimulate your ovaries to produce multiple eggs — rather than the single egg that normally develops each month. Multiple eggs are needed because some eggs _______ after fertilization.
synthetic hormones; won’t fertilize or develop normally
To determine when the eggs are ready for collection, your doctor will likely perform: (2)
Vaginal ultrasound
Blood tests
an imaging exam of your ovaries to monitor the development of follicles where eggs mature
Vaginal ultrasound
to measure your response to ovarian stimulation medications — estrogen levels typically increase as follicles develop, and progesterone levels remain low until after ovulation
Blood tests
Blood tests
to measure your response to ovarian stimulation medications — ____ levels typically _____ as follicles develop, and ____ levels remain ____ until after ovulation
estrogen levels typically increase; progesterone levels remain low until after ovulation
WHAT STEP OF IVF?
If you’re using your own eggs duringIVF, at the start of a cycle you’ll begin treatment with synthetic hormones to stimulate your ovaries to produce multiple eggs — rather than the single egg that normally develops each month. Multiple eggs are needed because some eggs won’t fertilize or develop normally after fertilization.
Ovulation Induction
WHAT STEP OF IVF?
During ____, you’ll be sedated and given pain medication.
An ultrasound probe is inserted into your vagina to identify follicles. Then a thin needle is inserted into an ultrasound guide to go through the vagina and into the follicles to retrieve the eggs.
If your ovaries aren’t accessible through transvaginal ultrasound, an abdominal ultrasound may be used to guide the needle.
The eggs are removed from the follicles through a needle connected to a suction device. Multiple eggs can be removed in about 20 minutes.
Egg Retrieval
_______ is the usual retrieval method for egg retrieval.
Transvaginal ultrasound aspiration
After egg retrieval, you may experience ______.
cramping and feelings of fullness or pressure.
Egg Retrieval
An ______ is inserted into your vagina to identify follicles. Then a ______ is inserted into an ultrasound guide to go through the vagina and into the ____ to retrieve the eggs.
ultrasound probe; thin needle; follicles
Egg Retrieval
If your ovaries aren’t accessible through transvaginal ultrasound, an ______ ultrasound may be used to guide the needle.
The eggs are removed from the follicles through a needle connected to a suction device. Multiple eggs can be removed in about __ minutes.
abdominal; 20
Egg Retrieval
Mature eggs are placed in a _______ (culture medium) and incubated. Eggs that appear healthy and mature will be mixed with sperm to attempt to create ____. However, not all eggs may be successfully fertilized.
nutritive liquid; embryos
If you’re using your partner’s sperm, he’ll provide a semen sample at your doctor’s office or a clinic through masturbation the morning of egg retrieval.
Sperm Retrieval
Sperm Retrieval
If you’re using your partner’s sperm, he’ll provide a semen sample at your doctor’s office or a clinic through _________.
masturbation the morning of egg retrieval
the use of a needle or surgical procedure to extract sperm directly from the testicle
testicular aspiration
Sperm Retrieval
____ sperm also can be used.
Donor
Sperm Retrieval
Sperm are separated from the ______ in the ___.
semen fluid; lab
Fertilization can be attempted using two common methods:
Conventional insemination
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
healthy sperm and mature eggs are mixed and incubated overnight.
Conventional insemination
a single healthy sperm is injected directly into each mature egg.
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
done at your doctor’s office or a clinic and usually takes place two to five days after egg retrieval.
EMBRYO TRANSFER
Embryo transfer is done at your doctor’s office or a clinic and usually takes place __ to __ days after egg retrieval.
two to five days after egg retrieval.
EMBRYO TRANSFER
You might be given a mild ____. The procedure is usually painless, although you might experience mild cramping.
The doctor will insert a long, thin, flexible tube called a ____ into your ___, through your ____ and into your ____.
sedative; catheter; into your vagina, through your cervix and into your uterus.
EMBRYO TRANSFER
A syringe containing one or more ________ is attached to the end of the catheter.
embryos suspended in a small amount of fluid
EMBRYO TRANSFER
Using the syringe, the doctor places the embryo or embryos into your _____.
uterus
EMBRYO TRANSFER
If successful, an embryo will implant in the _______ about __ to __ days after egg retrieval. (Staff, 2019)
lining of your uterus; six to 10 days after egg retrieval
RISKS OF IVF (6)
Multiple births
Premature delivery and low birth weight
Ovarian hyper stimulation syndrome
Miscarriage
Egg-retrieval procedure complications.
Ectopic pregnancy. (Staff, 2019)
Ethical Issues Concerning IVF
The process results in extra or “____” embryos that may then be disposed of, frozen, or experimented on, none of which is without its detractors.
For those who believe human life is sacred from the moment of conception than the process of IVF and what happens to excess embryo becomes a ______.
spare; moral dilemma
Ethical Issues Concerning IVF
Although __ success rate with thawed embryos may be acceptable to laboratory animals, probably not acceptable with humans particularly if failure or partial failure is not detectable in later life
Once frozen, embryos may outlive the donor thus increase possibility of _________
Use of _____ in medical research with the aim to treat diseases like Parkinson also for transplantation (Edge & Groves, 2019)
90%; postmortem conception and birth; embryonic tissue
According to the _______ provides: the State shall protect and promote the right to health of the people and instill health consciousness among them. A fundamental part of human experience is fulfilling the desire to reproduce.
Fourteenth Congress of the Philippines S.B. 1342, the Constitution, Article II, Section 15
This act is an act requiring coverage for the treatment of infertility in any group health plan or health insurance.
“Family Build Act of 2007”
In case of ________- , coverage shall be provided if the participant or beneficiary has been unable to bring a pregnancy into a live birth through less costly medically appropriate infertility treatments.
The patient has not undergone four complete oocyte retrievals.
assisted reproductive technology (ART)
It occurs when a woman agrees to carry a baby to term and give it up to another set of parents to raise.
Surrogate Motherhood
Surrogate Motherhood is sometimes done for ___ or ____.
money or favor
Kinds of Surrogate Motherhood: (2)
Altruistic surrogacy
Commercial surrogacy
When a woman offers herself to carry the child of an infertile couple — or of others — for philanthropic reason, not for money.
Altruistic surrogacy
When it is carried out for financial gain, and is often called womb for rent or womb for hire: “a woman offers herself to carry a pregnancy in exchange for money.”
Commercial surrogacy
Commercial surrogacy is often called ____ or _____.
womb for rent or womb for hire
Ethical Issues Concerning Surrogate Motherhood
Unethical for women to be ___.
used
Ethical Issues Concerning Surrogate Motherhood
Economic _____ for women who have few economic option
opportunity
Ethical Issues Concerning Surrogate Motherhood
Legitimacy of _____.
selling humans
Ethical Issues Concerning Surrogate Motherhood
____ viewed as deeply personal experience that should never be undergone for the sake of others
Pregnancy
____ find practice of surrogacy problematic since birth mother is clearly used as an incubator and not regarded as rational actor.
Kantians
Kantians find practice of surrogacy problematic since birth mother is clearly used as an ____ and not regarded as _____.
clearly used as an incubator and not regarded as rational actor.
Kantians in favor as long as long as there is _____ and if woman is paid and agrees to donate her body for selfless reasons and is acting as ____; and _____ individual
no overt coercion; rational; and autonomous individual
Kantians disagree with it are more likely to compare the practice to a clinical form of ______ without the act of sex
prostitution
_______ against surrogacy could grant simple equation which is the birth mother is given money and the contracting parents get a child they could not otherwise have but then argue that the long term consequences in one or more ways.
Utilitarian argument
another argument argues that ______ of birth mother outweighs the ____ gained by the contracting parents. (Edge & Groves, 2019)
pain of separation; happiness
According to the _______– introduced by _______-, surrogate parenting is a concept that is relatively new in this country, although for a long time it has been widely known in the U S . and in other well- developed countries. Surrogate motherhood is nothing but baby selling. It is similar to the generic experiments that are done with animals who are bred for certain purposes. A woman becomes a surrogate mother when she agrees to conceive a child in her womb only to give away the child after birth to another person for a valuable consideration. Babies are not products like microwave ovens and automobiles.
Thirteenth Congress of the Republic of the Philippines Senate Bill No. 2344; Senator Manny Villar
Pregnancy should never be reduced to a ______-. The enclosed bill proposes to penalize not only surrogacy arrangement but also the act of selling infants by their mothers. The practice of surrogacy arrangement is morally and religiously wrong. We see no difference between surrogate motherhood and black-market baby selling. Hence, both practices are outlawed in this bill.
commercial service
