Concepts-of-Bioethics Flashcards
MORAL PHILOSOPHY
Philosophical science that deals with morality of human conduct
Systematically establishes the standards or norms of human acts
Determines human acts as good or bad and right or wrong
Provides the principles on the morality of human acts.
ETHICS
ETHICS
Derived from the Greek word ____, which means _____.
ETHOS; CUSTOM or CHARACTER
ETHICS
4 Major areas of Study:
Descriptive ethics
Normative Philosophy
Practical Philosophy
Critical Philosophy (Epistemology)
this is the division of philosophical or general ethics that involves the observation of the moral decision-making process with the goal of describing the phenomenon.
Descriptive ethics
Describes the nature, essence or substance of reality.
Descriptive ethics
reportswhatpeoplebelieve,howtheyreason,andhow theyact.
Descriptive ethics
Descriptive ethics
this is the ___ of philosophical or general ethics that involves the observation of the moral decision-making process with the goal of _____.
division; describing the phenomenon
concerned withcriteriaof what is morally right and wrong.
Normative Philosophy
It includes the formulation ofmoralrules that have directimplicationsfor what human actions, institutions, and ways of life should be like.
Normative Philosophy
3typesof normativetheories:
virtuetheories,deontological (moral obligation) theories, andteleologicaltheories
focus on the character of the person.
ethics is about what sort of person one should strive to become.
VIRTUE-BASED THEORY
The qualities that one should develop in oneself are called ____. (ex. honesty, fairness, kindness, faithfulness, generosity, prudence, integrity, bravery, etc.).
virtues
This type of theory claims that there are features within the actions themselves which determine whether or not they are right.
These features define the extent to which the actions conform with recognized moral duties.
DEONTOLOGICAL THEORY
______ do not consider consequences to be important when determining whether or not an action is ethical.
Deontological theories
Immanuel Kant’s ethical theory is ____.
He claims that actions are only morally right when they are done out of duty.
He sees moral duties as unchanging laws for human conduct.
Always act out of duty, in accordance with a good will
deontological
This describes an ethical theory which judges the rightness of an action in terms of an external goal or purpose.
TELEOLOGICAL THEORY
According to a _____, consequences always play some part, be it small or large, in the determination of what one should or should not do.
teleological theory
Theory of morality that derives duty or moral obligation from what is good or desirable as an end to be achieved.
TELEOLOGICAL THEORY
A division in philosophy which reflects on truth with due recourse of action.
Practical Philosophy
theattempttoworkouttheimplications of generaltheoriesforspecificformsof conductandmoral judgment; formerlycalled_____.
appliedethics.
is the study of the nature and scope of knowledge and justified belief.
Critical Philosophy (Epistemology)
It analyzes the nature of knowledge and how it relates to similar notions such as truth, belief and justification.
Critical Philosophy (Epistemology)
asks questions like: “What is knowledge?”, “How is knowledge acquired?”, “What do people know?”, “What are the necessary and sufficient conditions of knowledge?”
Critical Philosophy (Epistemology)
______ reside in the realm of our values, morals, individual culture, intense personal beliefs, and faith.
Ethical questions
To gain a clearer understanding between morals and ethics we might consider the distinction offered by the ethicist _____, who stated that “ morality was what people believed to be right and good… while ethics is the critical reflections about morality and the rational analysis of it”.
Joseph Fletcher
____, then, is nothing more than a generic term for the study of how we make judgements in regards to right and wrong (Edge & Grooves, 2019).
Ethics
Applied Ethics
Actualizes/ applies the theories and principles provided by ethics
MORALITY
MORALITY
Derived from the Latin word ___ or ____
MOS or MORIS
Postulates in Ethics(Presumed to be true) (3)
The existence of God.
The existence of intellect and free will.
The spirituality and immortality of the human soul.
Moral Assumptions
As a _____ and _____ of animal, man knows that there are actions that are right or wrong, and good or bad.
rational and free grade
Moral Assumptions
Man knows that there are actions that _______.
he is not obliged to do
Moral Assumptions
Man knows that he is _____.
responsible for his actions
Moral Assumptions
Man knows that those actions are considered wrong are ____ and that those actions that are right are _____.
punishable; rewardable
Humans: The Sole Moral Agents
It is their being ___ that makes humans humans.
rational
Humans: The Sole Moral Agents
The human person’s _______ helps him/her draw judgements as he/she compares ideas.
perceptual knowledge
Humans: The Sole Moral Agents
The human person, therefore, does not just perceive things but also _________.
analyzes, assesses, criticizes, or intellectualizing things.
Intellect or Will?
Acts as the thinking faculty of the human person.
Intellect
Intellect or Will?
It knows.
Enables him/her to search for truth
Intellect
Intellect or Will?
It implements what it has chosen.
Will
Intellect or Will?
Enables him/her to choose which is good.
It chooses.
Will
Concrete Basis of Morality
Morality becomes vivid when one _______.
encounters a moral experience
Concrete Basis of Morality
This moral experience leads him/her to a _____.
moral problem
The human person is _____ to face his/her obligation.
duty-bound
Should a person who has no money, steal?
Should a person who has no answer in an exam, cheat?
These are examples of?
Concrete Basis of Morality
Natural science that deals with the issue of life
BIOLOGY
Important in bioethics because it deals with the multifarious (DIVERSE) dimensions and domains of all life forms.
BIOLOGY
The term BIOETHICS was introduced by _____ in ____, together with ______ when they founded the _______.
introduced by DANIEL CALLAHAN in 1969, together with WILLARD GAYLIN when they founded the HASTINGS CENTER
BIOETHICS was popularized by ______ in ___.
VAN RENSSELAER POTTER in 1970
This term was introduced by DANIEL CALLAHAN in 1969, together with WILLARD GAYLIN when they founded the HASTINGS CENTER
BIOETHICS
A discipline that deals with the ethical implications of biological research.
BIOETHICS
The study of ethical issues that emanate from the changes and developments in the life science technologies.
BIOETHICS
A branch of ethics that deals with the life sciences and their impact in society.
BIOETHICS
A branch of ethics that analyzes moral values in the context of biomedical sciences.
BIOETHICS
A branch of the ethics of biological science and medicine.
A systematic study of the human conduct in the areas of the life sciences and healthcare.
It belongs to the auspices of medical ethics and is loosely anchored in the avenues of life sciences.
The study of the moral problems in medicine and biological technology.
BIOETHICS
PREVAILING ISSUES SURROUNDING THE AUSPICES OF BIOETHICS: (6)
Human life
Health
Research
Science
Technology
Philosophy, theology, law and medicine
A domain in the practice of the healthcare profession that sets the standards or guidelines relative to studies, inquiries, and decisions on the part of healthcare professionals in relation to the delivery of healthcare.
HEALTHCARE ETHICS
Deals with ethical issues such as: life-support system, testing of diseases, access to healthcare services, brain death, clinical death, suicide, euthanasia, vices and virtues, conscience and law.
HEALTHCARE ETHICS
The normative moral system that injuncts a kind of behavior that is expected of a professional.
NOT ONLY OF AN INDIVIDUAL BUT ALSO AS A GROUP.
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
was composed in 1893 by Lystra E. Gretter and a Committee for the Farrand Training School for Nurses, Detroit. It was called the _____as a token of esteem for the founder of modern nursing.
NIGHTINGALE’S PLEDGE
It was first administered to the 1893 graduating class of the Farrand Training School, Harper Hospital, Detroit, Michigan.
NIGHTINGALE’S PLEDGE
NIGHTINGALE’S PLEDGE
was composed in __ by ________ and a Committee for the _________. It was called the Florence Nightingale Pledge as a token of esteem for the founder of modern nursing.
was composed in 1893 by Lystra E. Gretter and a Committee for the Farrand Training School for Nurses, Detroit. It was called the Florence Nightingale Pledge as a token of esteem for the founder of modern nursing.
NIGHTINGALE’S PLEDGE
It was first administered to the ___ graduating class of the_________.
1893 graduating class of the Farrand Training School, Harper Hospital, Detroit, Michigan.
