Prev, Pheno and Aeito Flashcards
What are the 5 types of intervention avaliable?
Prevention Biological Educational Psychological Social/sociological
What percentage of ID show challenging behaviours?
10-15%
What percentage show stereotyped behaviours?
5-40%
What did Hutt and Hutt (1985) state about stereotyped behaviours?
The arousal hypothesis: U-shaped curve of when stereotype happens against level of arousal
Define stereotyped behaviours.
Repetitive body movement invariance that serves no social function.
What is the percentage of aggression?
15-20%, but 40% never injure anyone
What is the prevalence of SIB?
4-20%
What is a risk factor for SIB?
Profound ID
What are some possible reasons behind SIB?
- Response to illness
- Self-restraint
- Comorbidity of movement disorders
- Operant behaviour
- Neurotransmitter disturbance
What influences the prevalence of these behaviours in ID?
- Methodological issues: e.g. time/criteria
- Sampling issues: e.g. age, comorbidity
What are the classes of reinforcement (table)?
- Presented on response + Strengthened = positive reinforcement
- Removed on response + Strengthened= negative reinforcement
- Presented on response + weakened = positive punishment
- Removed on response + weakened = negative punishment
what are 3 types of operant reinforcement model processes?
- Positive social reinforcement: attention, tangibles
- Negative social reinforcement: Task escape
- Automatic reinforcement: sensory/perceptual
Where can we see evidence for operant reinforcement models?
- single case experimental designs
- interventions
- natural observations
Describe the social communication function of Challenging Behaviour in regards to positive reinforcement.
Need for others to do/give something -> CB -> Aversive (concern, frustration, anxiety) -> ACTION -> Engage (comfort, reprimand, restrain, occupy) -> Reward: positive reinforcement -> Increased chance of CB -> need for others to do/give something
What evidence is there for positive reinforcement of CB due to social communicative functions?
Hall & Oliver, 1992: Probability of social contact was at its lowest for the longest time before CB, decreased once behaviour had ended and went back to a middle rate of social contact.
Establishing Operation: Wants social contact
Resistant to extinction because schedule of getting social contact is unpredictable.
What is different about negative reinforcement communicative functions of CB compared to positive?
Negative reinforcement wants another person to stop doing something and increases the chance of SIB at the end, not CB.
What evidence is there for negative reinforcement?
Carr et al., 1980: Demands = SIB. Escape = factor of aggressive behaviour. Used a withdrawal design.
What did Carr and Owen (2007) find about problem behaviour in Developmental disorders?
- Pain and problem behaviour are related
- Used retrospective screening of patients
- Higher pain = higher frequency and intensity, seen on sick days
- Overall sick days behaviour likelihood is 4.73 vs 1.75 on well days
- Pain is a setting event
- Higher rates of physical illness in the disabled population, so should be identifying links of pain and behaviour
- Pain and discomfort associated with physical illness mediate the display of serious problem behaviour
What risk markers did McClintock and Oliver (2003) find for CB?
- Meta-analysis of 22 studies
- Males = more aggressive
- Severe/profound ID = increased stereotypy and SIB
- Autism = increased SIB/aggression/disruption to environment
- Lower receptive and expressive communication = higher SIB
- Severe ID/autism/poor communication = risk markers
What did Totsika et al. (2008) find about persistence of CB?
- 58 adults living in a group setting for 11 years
- Behaviour survey and rater interviews with staff
- High persistence rates found
- Only used patients who stayed
- Correlational design
- Used staff who knew the patients well: may have been biased
- Persistence rates similar to previous findings
- Generalisability to out of home arrangements unknown
- Valid across time gap
What did Symons and Thompson (1997) investigate in SIB?
- Body preference
- 80% head and hands
- 75% front of head
- 83% back of hands
- 32% stimulation produced with no pain sites
