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CSID > Prev, Pheno and Aeito > Flashcards

Prev, Pheno and Aeito Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 types of intervention avaliable?

A 
Prevention
Biological
Educational
Psychological
Social/sociological
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2
Q

What percentage of ID show challenging behaviours?

A

10-15%

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3
Q

What percentage show stereotyped behaviours?

A

5-40%

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4
Q

What did Hutt and Hutt (1985) state about stereotyped behaviours?

A

The arousal hypothesis: U-shaped curve of when stereotype happens against level of arousal

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5
Q

Define stereotyped behaviours.

A

Repetitive body movement invariance that serves no social function.

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6
Q

What is the percentage of aggression?

A

15-20%, but 40% never injure anyone

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7
Q

What is the prevalence of SIB?

A

4-20%

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8
Q

What is a risk factor for SIB?

A

Profound ID

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9
Q

What are some possible reasons behind SIB?

A
  • Response to illness
  • Self-restraint
  • Comorbidity of movement disorders
  • Operant behaviour
  • Neurotransmitter disturbance
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10
Q

What influences the prevalence of these behaviours in ID?

A
  • Methodological issues: e.g. time/criteria

- Sampling issues: e.g. age, comorbidity

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11
Q

What are the classes of reinforcement (table)?

A
  • Presented on response + Strengthened = positive reinforcement
  • Removed on response + Strengthened= negative reinforcement
  • Presented on response + weakened = positive punishment
  • Removed on response + weakened = negative punishment
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12
Q

what are 3 types of operant reinforcement model processes?

A
  • Positive social reinforcement: attention, tangibles
  • Negative social reinforcement: Task escape
  • Automatic reinforcement: sensory/perceptual
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13
Q

Where can we see evidence for operant reinforcement models?

A
  • single case experimental designs
  • interventions
  • natural observations
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14
Q

Describe the social communication function of Challenging Behaviour in regards to positive reinforcement.

A

Need for others to do/give something -> CB -> Aversive (concern, frustration, anxiety) -> ACTION -> Engage (comfort, reprimand, restrain, occupy) -> Reward: positive reinforcement -> Increased chance of CB -> need for others to do/give something

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15
Q

What evidence is there for positive reinforcement of CB due to social communicative functions?

A

Hall & Oliver, 1992: Probability of social contact was at its lowest for the longest time before CB, decreased once behaviour had ended and went back to a middle rate of social contact.
Establishing Operation: Wants social contact
Resistant to extinction because schedule of getting social contact is unpredictable.

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16
Q

What is different about negative reinforcement communicative functions of CB compared to positive?

A

Negative reinforcement wants another person to stop doing something and increases the chance of SIB at the end, not CB.

17
Q

What evidence is there for negative reinforcement?

A

Carr et al., 1980: Demands = SIB. Escape = factor of aggressive behaviour. Used a withdrawal design.

18
Q

What did Carr and Owen (2007) find about problem behaviour in Developmental disorders?

A
  • Pain and problem behaviour are related
  • Used retrospective screening of patients
  • Higher pain = higher frequency and intensity, seen on sick days
  • Overall sick days behaviour likelihood is 4.73 vs 1.75 on well days
  • Pain is a setting event
  • Higher rates of physical illness in the disabled population, so should be identifying links of pain and behaviour
  • Pain and discomfort associated with physical illness mediate the display of serious problem behaviour
19
Q

What risk markers did McClintock and Oliver (2003) find for CB?

A
  • Meta-analysis of 22 studies
  • Males = more aggressive
  • Severe/profound ID = increased stereotypy and SIB
  • Autism = increased SIB/aggression/disruption to environment
  • Lower receptive and expressive communication = higher SIB
  • Severe ID/autism/poor communication = risk markers
20
Q

What did Totsika et al. (2008) find about persistence of CB?

A
  • 58 adults living in a group setting for 11 years
  • Behaviour survey and rater interviews with staff
  • High persistence rates found
  • Only used patients who stayed
  • Correlational design
  • Used staff who knew the patients well: may have been biased
  • Persistence rates similar to previous findings
  • Generalisability to out of home arrangements unknown
  • Valid across time gap
21
Q

What did Symons and Thompson (1997) investigate in SIB?

A
  • Body preference
  • 80% head and hands
  • 75% front of head
  • 83% back of hands
  • 32% stimulation produced with no pain sites

CSID (11 decks)

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