Assessment and formulation

Question 1

Describe the antecedent manipulations strategy.

Answer 1

Change antecedent and see effect on behaviour

Question 2

Describe Functional displacement strategy.

Answer 2

Add behaviour which produces the same outcome without CB.

Question 3

What does the ‘Disruption of existing contingencies and introduction of new’ strategy involve?

Answer 3

Positive and negative punishment

Question 4

What happens after using the positive reinforced behaviour strategy and what positive reinforcement can be used?

Answer 4

EO = reinforcer deprivation. CB decreases when EO eradicated.
Positive reinforcement: increase specific infrequent reinforcer and increase availability of alternative sources of reinforcement

Question 5

What happens after the negative reinforced behaviour strategy?
Describe negative reinforcement?

Answer 5

Remove aversive properties that cause CB.

Aversive task or demand.

Question 6

Define chaining and its types.

Answer 6

Chaining is the reinforcement of successive elements of a behavior chain.
Forward chaining: reward after every new link is added to the chain.
Backward chaining: Reward after learning next last link in chain, teach backwards.

Question 7

What antecedent is associated with negative reinforcement?

Answer 7

Fear and anxiety

Question 8

What are the 4 general antecedent manipulation strategies?

Answer 8

Task variety
Choice making
Noncontingent exercise
Environmental manipulation

Question 9

What are the 3 types of Differential Reinforcement? Describe them.

Answer 9

• DR of Other Behaviour: reinforcement presented on absence of behaviour for given time: increase behaviour
• DR of Incompatible Behaviour: A more useful behaviour is chosen to replace the incompatible one.
• DR of Alternative Behaviour: Needs FA. Behaviour with same function replaces CB.

Question 10

What are the 3 DR techniques?

Answer 10

• Whole Interval DR: Reinforcement presented if behaviour occurs/does not occur for whole interval
• Momentary DR: Reinforcement if behaviour occurs or not in a given moment
• Noncontingent reinforcement: reinforcement presented regardless of behaviour (Vollmer et al., 1993 says its more effective)

Question 11

Define positive punishment and give 4 examples.

Answer 11

Presentation of stimulus contingent on behaviour.

Over-correction
Aversive smells and tastes
Physical restraint
Electric shock

Question 12

Define negative punishment and give 2 examples.

Answer 12

With-holding stimulus contingent on behaviour.

Extinction
Time-out.

Question 13

What did Duraiu and Carr (1992)/Durand (1999) find to be a successful intervention?

Answer 13

Functional Communication Training: reduced CB.

Durand, 1999: used with untrained members in both school and community to show generalisability.

Question 14

Describe Carr & Carlson, 1993.

Answer 14

• Multi-componenet intervention: choice-making, embedding, FCT, tolerance for delay in reinforcement, discriminative stimuli for non-problem behaviour
• Increased task completion and latency without problem behaviour
• Socially validated outcomes
• Mark’s baseline for task completion increased from 30 to 96%