Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neurology Clerkship > Pretest Questions > Flashcards

Pretest Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Where do mycotic aneurysms occur?

A

Over cerebral convexities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What causes mycotic aneurysms?

A

Usually bacterial infections from drug use or HIV.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Do hematomas enhance with contrast?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why is levatiracetam better to use than lamotrigine in acute management of seizures?

A

The dose of lamotrigine must be increased very slowly to prevent steven johnsons syndrome. Over weeks to months.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Amaurosis fugax and cause?

A

Transient monocular vision loss usually from extracranial carotid artery disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why can’t phenytoin be infused rapidly IV? What to use instead?

A

Phenytoin infused IV above 50mg/min can cause cardiac arrhythmias or hypotension. Use fosphenytoin instead (can also be given IM).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Course of action if a patient has a first seizure?

A

Get a brain MRI to rule out a structural lesion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Lenox Gastaut Syndrome

A

Mental retardation with multiple seizure types (usually 1-2 Hz spike and wave). Often with a history of infantile spasms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What drug should be given to patients with a traumatic head injury?

A

Phenytoin to decrease the incidence of post traumatic seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Diffuse axonal injury

A

Shearing of axonal bundles at the grey white junction due to intense acceleration/deceleration injury.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mesial temporal sclerosis and treatment?

A

Most common cause of complex partial seizures in adults. Can be seen on MRI. Can be treated with surgical resection of right anterior temporal lobe.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Jacksonian March

A

Focal motor seizure that spreads and can secondarily generalize causing LOC and tonic-clonic seizures. Face can be involved early due to proximity of face and thumb on the motor strip.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Myoclonic seizures

A

Usually happen upon awakening, with light, and with loud sounds. Seen in Benign Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Epilepsia Partialis Continua

A

Focal motor seizure activity that persists (focal motor status epilepticus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

West Syndrome. Associated disease?

A

Generalized seizure disorder in infants with recurrent spasms. Can be associated with tuberous sclerosis (ash-leaf spots, cardiac rhabdomyomas, angiofibromas).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Triptans side effect

A

Vasospasm so don’t give to patients with CAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Migraine abortive medications

A

Triptans, ergots, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Migrane preventative medications

A

Beta blockers, amytriptyline, nifedapine, topamax, valproate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How to abort cluster headaches

A

100% O2, triptans, ergots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Trigeminal neuralgia can caused by? Associated disease?

A

Aneurysm of superior cerebellar artery can press on V. Can be associated with MS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Pseudotumor cerebri, cause?

A

Increased intracranial pressure causes headaches, optic disk atrophy (pallor), tinnitus. Vit A overdose, idiopathic in obese women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How to treat pseudotumor cerebri? Diagnose?

A

Acetazolamide, VP shunts. Opening pressure >250 mm H2O.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Classic vs common migraine?

A

Classic has aura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Basilar Migraine

A

Women>Men, visual changes for 10-30 mins, then headache. Can cause coma, psychosis, transient quadriplegia.

Essentially just a migraine with super intense consequences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Atypical facial pain

A

Constant throbbing unilateral pain that can be treated with antidepressants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Intracranial Hypotension

A

Headaches that occur on standing after a lumbar punction. Negative pressure pulls meninges down. Also occurs if CSF is leaking through nose after trauma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which lobe of the brain is most likely injured in a traumatic brain injury?

A

The temporal and inferior frontal lobes (coup injury). Can cause uncal herniation.

Countrecoup injury is when the occipital lobe rebounds and gets injured.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Cushing reaction

A

Hypertension, bradycardia, respiratory depression from increased ICP due to mass or other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Von Economo Encephalitis (encephalitis lethargica)

A

Occurred with the influenza virus from 1918 to 1928. Cause parkinsonism, oculogyric crises, dystonia, autonomic symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Neurological injury associated with sarcoidosis?

A

Facial nerve palsy. Facial paresis with no sensory loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

PML

A

Nonenhancing white matter lesions that cause hypertonia, LAD, involuntary movement, ataxia, dementia , and seizures. Rapidly progressive, caused by the JC virus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Neurologic Symptoms of Schistosoma

A

Lay eggs in the veins of batson, can migrate and deposit in cord causing compression. Causes granulomatous inflammation in cord leading to focal weakness and paralysis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Echinococcus brain cysts?

A

Large cyst filled with daughter cysts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Creutzfeld Jacob Disease EEG findings?

A

Rapidly progressive dementia, EEG shows general slowing and triphasic sharp waves but LP is normal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Creutzfeld Jacob disease symptoms and LP findings

A

Ataxia, gradual cognitive decline, myoclonus, seizures, involuntary movements. LP largely normal but sometimes can show 14-3-3 protein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Creutzfeld Jacob disease imaging

A

DWI shows cortical and subcortical abnormalities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

CNS lymphoma caused by

A

EBV in HIV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

When is it safe to LP somebody?

A

When there is no mass effect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Most common form of acute encephalitis?

A

HSV-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Microglial nodules associated with

A

HIV and CMV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

EEG of herpes encephalitis

A

Bilateral periodic epileptiform discharges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Where do abscesses form?

A

At grey-white junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Most common fungal abscess?

A

Aspergillus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is more common in AIDS? Toxo or crypto?

A

Toxoplasmosis is more common. Can cause brain abscesses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Symptom of brain abscesses?

A

Headache is most common.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Most common bacterial cause of brain abscess?

A

Strep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How are staph brain abscesses acquired?

Which is more likely? Staph or enteric bacteria abscesses?

A

Penetrating wound or neurosurgery.

Enteric bacterial abscesses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Elderly person meningitis?

A

Listeria, treat with ampicillin and gentamicin.

49
Q

One interesting way CJD can be spread?

A

Through GH prep from cadaveric pituitary glands

50
Q

SSPE

A

Increase in gamma globulin in CSF. Causes emotional lability, seizures, chorioretinitis, ataxia, UMN destruction years after measles.

51
Q

Bartonella Henselae Encephalitis

A

From cats, can cause status epilepticus and affects the pulvinar of the thalamus on MRI.

52
Q

Most common brain tumor

A

astrocytoma

53
Q

Hyperostosis

A

Less common in 1 brain tumors than hypo-ostosis. Meningiomas can cause hyperostosis

54
Q

Pineal region tumors special characteristic

A

Can be from all germ layers, so can behave similarly to choriocarcinoma or germinomas which can cause precocious puberty.

55
Q

Which cancer is most likely met to brain without a primary tumor?

A

Lung

56
Q

Shortest lifespan after a met?

A

Melanoma due to a propensity for bleeding

57
Q

Tumors that met to brain and bleed?

A

Thyroid, choriocarcinoma, melanoma, renal cell carcinoma

58
Q

Hypothalamic hamartomas

A

Nonneoplastic malformations of neurons and glia that can cause neurendocrine symptoms (like puberty or acromegaly) and paroxysms of laughter known as gelastic seizures. Cure surgically

59
Q

Gelastic seizure

A

A paroxysm of laughter generally seen in patients with hypothalamic hamartomas.

60
Q

Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration

A

Anti-yo antibodies against cerebellar purkinje cells produced in SCLC gyn and breast maligancies. Relentlessly progressive. Often develops before primary cancer is apparent.

61
Q

Multiple myeloma neurological side effect?

A

Peripheral neuropathy. Can be solely sensory or sensorimotor, can put a patient in a wheelchair. Can also be seen with MGUS.

62
Q

Liver failure effect on the brain?

A

Changes astrocytes.

63
Q

CSF change with hypertensive encephalopathy?

A

Slight increase in protein (100 mg/dl)

64
Q

Common neurological consequence of chronic renal failure?

A

Peripheral neuropathy (mixed sensorimotor). Improves with dialysis.

65
Q

How to treat RLS?

A

Dopamine agonists

66
Q

B12 deficiency field cut?

A

Causes a scotoma that widens the macular blind spot.

67
Q

Deficiency ambliopia

A

Seen with B12 deficiency or alcoholism/tobacco use due to decreased thiamine.

68
Q

Which deficiency causes peripheral neuropathy?

A

B6.

69
Q

EEG finding of alzheimers

A

General slowing of the posterior dominant rhythm. It’s usually 8-12 Hz, but with AD it slows.

70
Q

Most common cause of dementia?

A

At least 50% is caused by AD.

71
Q

Common complication of VP shunts for NPH?

A

Subdural hematoma – due to quickly lowering pressure. presents with confusion.

72
Q

What type of aphasia is common in alzheimer’s?

A

Transcortical sensory. Repetition intact, but ability to understand complex sentences is decreased.

73
Q

Transient global aphasia

A

Antero and retrograde memory loss

74
Q

General paresis

A

Manifestations of neurosyphilis. Memory loss, inappropriate behavior, myoclonus, delusions.

75
Q

Symptoms of hypothyroidism

A

myoedema, inattention, poor concentration, delusions

76
Q

Nonenhancing white matter lesions

A

PML

77
Q

Bladder dysfunction in MS?

A

Spastic bladder = premature emptying

78
Q

Neuromyelitis Optica

A

Recurrent episodes of optic neuritis followed by transverse myelitis. Associated with anti-aquaporin4 antibody.

Paraparesis, bladder+bowel dysfunction, sensory deficit.

79
Q

Pelizaus-Merzbacher Disease

A

Demyelinating sudanophilic leukodystrophy, symptomatic as a toddler, may extend to 3rd decade.

Causes optic atrophy and athetosis

80
Q

How to treat hemangioblastoma from VHL?

A

Surgery

81
Q

Symptoms of VHL

A

Erythrocytosis, hemagioblastomas, cerebellar signs, hematuria, and HSM

82
Q

Cause of congenital hydrocephalus?

A

Viral infection like mumps, rubella, during first trimester.

83
Q

Tuberous sclerosis eye findings

A

Retinal phakomas– gliomatous tumors that require no treatment

84
Q

What are calcifications on Xray in tuberous sclerosis?

A

Subependymal glial nodules

85
Q

What does a downs syndrome brain look like?

A

Smaller and more simplified

86
Q

How does alcohol cause fetal alcohol syndrome?

A

It impairs fetal neuronal migration

87
Q

Myotonic dystrophy

A

CGG repeat disease with frontal balding, cataracts, repetitive EMG discharges with minor stimulation and impaired relaxation.

88
Q

Poorest prognostic indicator for ALS?

A

Tongue fasciculations, indicates spread to brainstem

89
Q

How does lead poisoning cause brain herniation in very young kids?

A

Massive brain edema

90
Q

Manganese poisoning symptoms?

A

Mimics Wilson disease

91
Q

Retinitis pigmentosa

A

Common hereditary disease involving retinal receptors. Causes optic disk pallor and usually abetalipoproteinemia

92
Q

Sturge-Weber opthalmic finding?

A

Glaucoma

93
Q

Papilledema vs papillitis

A

Papillitis has vision loss

94
Q

Gradenigo Syndrome

A

Osteomyelitis of petrous bone that can cause gaze palsy of abducens nerve in young kids.

95
Q

Eye muscle at risk during trauma

A

Superior oblique innervated by the trochlear.

96
Q

Ocular motor nerve likely to be involved with varicella zoster opthalmicus?

A

Trochlear

97
Q

If no optokinetic nystagmus, where is the lesion?

A

In the parietal lobe

98
Q

Vision loss with cherry red fovea and narrow arterioles?e

A

Occlusion of the central retinal artery

99
Q

Orbital cellulitis vs cavernous sinus thrombosis

A

Orbital cellulitis is characterized by periorbital pain, double vision, proptosis. Cavernous sinus thrombosis has these things PLUS vision loss.

100
Q

PRES

A

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, seen in cyclosporine and tacrolimus. Headache, visual dysfunction, confusion, seizures.

101
Q

Most common cause of acute monocular blindness?

A

Ischemic optic neuropathy

102
Q

Which is more likely to infarct? Anterior spinal artery or posterior spinal artery?

A

Anterior. So dorsal columns (vibration) usually spared.

103
Q

Early phases of meniere’s hearing loss?

A

Loss of low frequency sounds

104
Q

What causes toxic labyrithitis and tinnitus?

A

Aspirin

105
Q

How long does spinal shock last? What are the symptoms?

A

Lasts 3 days - 3 weeks. Causes lower motor neuron signs (hyporeflexia, decreased tone) even though the spinal cord is damaged

106
Q

What causes abdominal aortic aneurysm?

A

Atherosclerosis

107
Q

Level of the artery of adamkiewicz?

A

T10-L1

108
Q

Lyme radiculopathy

A

Lyme disease can cause a radiculopathy that is not cured by sertoids

109
Q

Most common cause of mononeuritis multiplex?

A

Diabetes mellitus

110
Q

Common sequellae of Friedrich’s ataxia?

A

Diabetes mellitus

111
Q

What is responsible for friedrich Ataxia peripheral findings?

A

Degeneration of the DRG

112
Q

Why is LP necessary in baby between 0 and 1 with fever and seizures?

A

Because meningitis can present this way in the absence of other symptoms.

113
Q

What do raccoon eyes signify?

A

Basilar skull fracture

114
Q

How to improve the outcome of a severe TBI?

A

Hypothermia

115
Q

How to treat optic neuritis

A

IV methylprednisolone

116
Q

% of women who develop MS after optic neuritis?

A

75%

117
Q

How to treat MS bladder spasticity?

A

Oxybutynin, imipramine, or anything else with anticholinergic properties

118
Q

How to treat GBM

A

Surgery then radiotherapy. Poorly responsive to chemotherapy.

Neurology Clerkship (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions