Preterm labour and PROM Flashcards
1
Q
Incidence of PROM
A
- 2-3% of all pregnancies
2. 30% of all preterm
2
Q
History in PROM
A
- Gush of fluid
- Continued leaking
- May have signs of chorioamnionitis
- SROM prior to 37 weeks
3
Q
Examination and assessment of fetal well-being in PPROM
A
- AVOID digital examination
- Maternal
Vital signs
Abdominal examination
Sterile speculum->liquor pooling->exclude prolapsed cord, cervical dilitation, take swabs and PROM test (for amniotic fluid) - Assess fetal well being
Fetal movements
CTG
USS with doppler
Biophysical->liquor volume, CTG, fetal breathing movement, limbs moving, tone
4
Q
Investigations in PROM
A
- FBC
- UEC
- Vaginal/rectal swabs
- MSU
- Formal USS
5
Q
Management of PROM
A
- Consider admission to hospital, look for clinical signs of chorioamnionitis
- Antibiotic prophylaxis for GBS if in labour
- Tocolysis? probably not
- Steroids
- Timing and mode of delivery
- Surveillance for infection and fetal well-being
- Notify if delivery (NICU)->aim for 34 weeks gestation
- General
Analgesia
Antiemetics
Regular medications
DVT prophylaxis
Diet, activity
Allergies
Regular monitoring
6
Q
Complications of PROM
A
- Preterm labour >50%, most with deliver within 1 day-7 days
- Ascending infections 15-25%
(chorioamnionitis, neonatal sepsis, endometritis) - Abruption
- Umbilical cord prolapse
- Preterm complications
- Oligohydramnios (pulmonary hypoplasia, limb positioning defects)
7
Q
What is preterm labour
A
- 20 weeks->36+6 with regular painful contractions and effacement of the cervix
8
Q
Common associations with preterm labour
A
1. Maternal Low SES, poor nutrition, single, recreational drug use, caffeine Low weight Cervical trauma, induced abortion, short cervix Bacterial vaginosis Infection and PROM Previous PTL UTI, dental 2. Fetal Abnormalities 3. Uterus Polyhydramnios Multiples APH
9
Q
Inidicators labour has started
A
- frequent uterine contraction, a positive fetal fibronectin test, cervical dilation to >3 cm, and ruptured membranes all increase the likelihood that labour has started
10
Q
History in preterm labour
A
- Regular contractions >1/10
- Gush of fluid, bleeding, leak, discharge
- UTI, bacteruria, dysuria, flank pain
- Trauma, abortion
- Previous PTL
- Twins
- Fetal movements
- Rapidly increasing girth
- CIN/surgery
- Complete family and social history
11
Q
Initial assessment in PTL
A
1. Review History • Medical, surgical, obstetric, social 2. Assess for signs and symptoms • Pelvic pressure • Lower abdominal cramping • Lower back pain • Vaginal loss – mucous, blood, fluid • Regular uterine activity 3. Physical examination • Vital signs • Abdominal palpation • Fetal surveillance – FHR, CTG • Sterile speculum exam o Identify if ROM. Avoid digital unless ++possibility of prolapsed cord o Visualise cervix/membranes o High vaginal swab o Test for fFN • Low vaginal/anorectal GBS swab • Cervical dilatation o Sterile digital vaginal exam unless ROM, placenta praevia • Ultrasound – if available o Fetal growth and wellbeing, Cervical length 4. Laboratory • High vaginal swabs for MC&S • One swab (low vaginal + anal) for GBS • Midstream urine for MC&S1.
12
Q
Overview of management of PTL
A
- In utero transfer, admission?
- Corticosteroids
- Antibiotics
- Tocolysis
- Magnesium sulphate
- Analgesia, clinical surveillance, Continuous CTG, consult
- Prep for birth
- Mx after birth
13
Q
Steroid regime
A
Antenatal corticosteroids:
• Recommend course of Betamethasone (2 doses)
o 11.4 mg IM then 2nd dose in 24 hours
o Consider 2nd dose at 12 hours if PTB likely within
24 hours
• If risk of PTB remains ongoing in 7 days, repeat dose
14
Q
Tocolysis options, indication, contraindications, purpose
A
- Nifedipine
- Signs of PTL 24-34 weeks
- Do not give if a) any reason not to prolong= PET, fetal distress, lethal congenital anomalies, b) significant bleeding, c) evidence of infection
- Purpose->to allow corticosteroid loading
15
Q
Antibiotic regime, when to start, cease
A
- Antibiotics if:
a. Established labour (or imminent risk of PTB) give
intrapartum GBS prophylaxis regardless of GBS
status or membrane status
b. Evidence of chorioamnionitis (membranes intact or
ruptured)
o Ampicillin (or Amoxycillin) 2 g IV initial dose, then
1 g IV every 4 hours
o Gentamicin 5 mg/kg IV daily
o Metronidazole 500 mg IV every 12 hours - If labour does not ensue (and no evidence of
chorioamnionitis) and if:
o Membranes intact then cease antibiotics
o PPROM, then convert to Erythromycin 250 mg oral
every 6 hours for 10 days - If Penicillin hypersensitivity give:
o Lincomycin 600 mg IV every 8 hours OR
o Clindamycin 600 mg IV every 8 hours
