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Neuroscience > Presynaptic Function > Flashcards

Presynaptic Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of synapse?

A

Chemical and electrical

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2
Q

Stages of the monosynaptic stretch reflex arc

A
  1. Sensory nerve generates AP
  2. Releases L-glutamate at synapse in spinal cord
  3. L-glutamate binds to AMPA receptors on motor neuron
  4. AP triggers in motor neuron
  5. Motor neuron releases Ach at neuromuscular junction
  6. Ach binds to nAchRs
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3
Q

How many types of neurotransmitter can a neuron release?

A

One

e.g. glutamatergic or GABAergic

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4
Q

How many synapses are there in the human CNS?

A

10^14

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5
Q

Two methods by which synapses can be viewed

A

Electron Microscopy

Fluorescent Immunostaining

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6
Q

How does fluorescent immunostaining work?

A

Synapsin is only present in presynaptic terminals

PSD95 protein is only present in postsynaptic terminals

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7
Q

Functions of the hippocampus

A

Learning
Memory
Spatial Navigation

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8
Q

4 types of neurons present in the hippocampus

A

CA1 pyramidal neurons
CA3 pyramidal neurons
DG pyramidal neurons
OLM interneurons

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9
Q

Diameter of synaptic vesicles

A

40nm

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10
Q

How are vesicles filled with neurotransmitter?

A

Vesicle membranes have ATPase protons pumps that pump protons into the vesicle
A proton/neurotransmitter antiporter uses the proton gradient to bring neurotransmitter in
Exchangers are specific to one type of neurotransmitter

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11
Q

Cycle of a vesicle

A
  1. Vesicles dock with the presynaptic membrane in the terminal bouton
  2. Arrival of an AP opens VOCCs
  3. Vesicles detect calcium, the docked vesicles fuse with the membrane and exocytose their contents
  4. Empty vesicles pinch back off membrane via clathrin mediated endocytosis
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12
Q

How many genes to vertebrates have for calcium channels?

A

10

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13
Q

Which types of calcium channels are present on terminal boutons?

A

N-type (CaV2.2)

P/Q type (CaV2.1)

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14
Q

What is the SNARE hypothesis?

A

Vesicles have vSNARE proteins
The presynaptic membrane has tSNARE proteins
vSNARE + tSNARE = SNARE complex

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15
Q

What are the proteins in the SNARE complex?

A

Synaptobrevin: Part of vSNARE. Is a small membrane protein
Syntaxin: Part of tSNARE. Positions vesicles at the site of calcium ion entry
SNAP25: Part of tSNARE. Dampens the calcium channel function

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16
Q

What is the structure of the SNARE complex?

A

3 Proteins

4 helix bundles

17
Q

What is synaptotagmin?

A

A protein present in the presynaptic membrane
Modulates exocytosis
Senses formation of a calcium microdomain following VOCC activation

18
Q

What 3 things does synaptotagmin do?

A

It has a C2B domain that facilitates vesicle docking on the membrane
It has a C2A domain that facilitates vesicle fusion
It also displaces the complexin protein in the SNARE complex to stop exocytosis

19
Q

How does Botox work?

A

Targets protein within SNARE complex to prevent exocytosis of Ach at the neuromuscular junction

20
Q

What is synaptic probability of release?

A

The probability that a synapses will release neurotransmitter upon arrival of an AP
The probability is stochastic (random)
Measured on a scale from 0-1
Probability not same for all synapses on one neuron

21
Q

How is population mean probability of release calculated?

A

(Average number of synapses activated per AP)/(Total number of synapses)

22
Q

What is minimal stimulation?

A

The electrical stimulation required to activate one synapse

23
Q

How is synaptic probability of release measured?

A

Single cell post synaptic recording
Record using minimal stimulation
Good if you can find two neurons connected by a single synapse - otherwise you don;t know which synapse is carrying the message

24
Q

What are the two ways probability of release can be altered?

A
  1. Manipulating calcium ion concentration

2. Short-term synaptic plasticity, dependent on prior synapse activity

25
Q

How can calcium ion concentration be manipulated?

A
  1. Lower extracellular calcium
  2. Apply calcium channel blockers
  3. Activate presynaptic receptors that alter calcium ion channel activity
26
Q

What is the tri-synaptic loop?

A

An excitatory neuron loop found in the hippocampus

Made up of a granule cell, CA3 pyramidal cell and CA1 pyramidal cell

27
Q

How do CA3 and CA1 pyramidal cells communicate?

A

Schaffer-Collateral Commissural pathway

28
Q

What is PPF?

A

Paired pulse facilitation - second stimulation within short amount of time has larger postsynaptic response

29
Q

What is PPD?

A

Paired pulse depression - second stimulation within short amount of time has smaller postsynaptic response

30
Q

What affects whether you have PPF or PPD?

A

Synapses with low probability of release exhibit PPF. Synapses with high probability of release exhibit PPD

31
Q

What causes PPF?

A

Increased presynaptic Calcium concentration leading to a greater release of neurotransmitter

32
Q

What causes PPD?

A

Synapses with high probability of release will release all their neurotransmitter after one AP
Supply is depleted and takes time to restock

33
Q

What is synaptic plasticity?

A

Ability of synapses to strengthen and weaken over time in response to changes in activity

34
Q

What type of neuron is a CA1 pyramidal neuron?

A

Glutmatergic

35
Q

What type of neuron is an OLM interneruon?

A

GABAergic

Neuroscience (12 decks)

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