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Neuroscience > Learning, Memory and Behaviour > Flashcards

Learning, Memory and Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of memory?

A

Long term memory and short term memory

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2
Q

What are the two types of long term memory?

A

Explicit/Declarative and Implicit/Non-Declarative

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3
Q

What are the two types of explicit memory?

A

Episodic and Semantic

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4
Q

What are the four types of implicit memory?

A

Procedural
Priming
Classical conditioning
Non-associative learning

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5
Q

Where are explicit memories stored?

A

Diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus) and medial temporal lobe

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6
Q

Where are procedural memories stored?

A

Striatum

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7
Q

Where are priming memories stored?

A

Neocortex

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8
Q

Where are classical conditioning memories stored?

A

Amygdala and cerebellum

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9
Q

Where are non-associative memories stored?

A

Reflex pathways

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10
Q

What are episodic memories?

A

Memories of specific episodes in the past
Described as autobiographical
e.g. wedding day

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11
Q

What are semantic memories?

A

Factual knowledge
Derive from episodic memories
e.g. I know that the sky is blue from all my episodic experience of the sky being blue

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12
Q

What are procedural memories?

A

How to use objects
Movements of the body
e.g. how to play the piano

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13
Q

What are priming memories?

A

Exposure to a stimulus influences the response to another stimulus
e.g. seeing the word yellow makes you quicker to recognise the word banana

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14
Q

What are the two types of non-associative learning and what do they mean?

A

Sensitisation - response to a stimulus increases

Habituation - response to a stimulus decreases

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15
Q

What is the main feature of non-associative learning?

A

There is no reinforcement - no reward or punishment for the behaviour

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16
Q

Where is the hippocampus located?

A

Medial temporal lobe

17
Q

Folding of what structure forms the hippocampus?

A

Infolding of the inferomedial part of the temporal lobe into the lateral ventricle

18
Q

How do the two hippocampi communicate?

A

Hippocampal commissure

19
Q

What is the purpose of the cortico-hippocampal circuit?

A

Information flow between the hippocampus and cortex

20
Q

What is the order of information flow in the cortico-hippocampal circuit?

A 
Hippocampus
Entorhinal cortex
Parahippocampal cortices 
Association cortices
1st sensory cortices

Information from the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex can also go directly to the association cortices

21
Q

What are the functions of the parahippocampal cortex?

A

Site of convergence for cortical input, parahippocampal gyrus sends to the hipopcampus

Also recieves information outgoing from hippocampus

22
Q

What procedure was Henry Molaison given in 1975 and why was it given?

A

Bilateral medial temporal lobe lobectomy

Given to control severe epilepsy

23
Q

What was the result of the procedure given to Henry Molaison?

A

Anterograde amnesaia - could not form new memories.

Long term memories still intact, and could still hold a short conversation.

24
Q

What procedure can be used on rodents to test spatial memory?

A

Morris Water Maze

25
Q

Explain the procedure of the Morris Water Maze experiment?

A

Relies on rats desire to get out of water/dangerous situation
Rat placed in wading pool with hidden platform
Learns where platform is over 7 days
Platform removed, amount of time spent in correct quadrant of wading pool measured

26
Q

Lesions to the hippocampus impair which type of memory?

A

Spatial memory

27
Q

What does pharmacological inactivation of the CA1 region of hippocampus do?

A

Blocks retrieval of spatial memory

Rats spend less time in the correct quadrant

28
Q

Name a drug that can be used to temporarily inactivate a region of the brain

A

Muscimol - GABAa agonist

29
Q

What are the effects of blocking hippocampal NMDA receptors?

A

No LTP, blocks formation of spatial memory

30
Q

What are Place cells?

A

Hippocampal pyramidal cells
Fire in complex bursts when an animal moves through a specific location
Region in which cell fires most is called the firing-field
Different locations encoded by different cells
Ensemble of neurons provides cognitive map

31
Q

Give 5 pieces of evidence that support the fact that the hippocampus is involved in spatial memory

A
  1. Lesions to hippocampus reduce time spent in correct quadrant in Water Morris Maze
  2. Purfusion of the CA1 area of the hippocampus with Muscimol reduces time spent in correct quadrant
  3. Blocking hippocampal NMDA receptors blocks formation of spatial memory
  4. Place cells
  5. Taxi drivers size of hippocampus correlates with years of experience. Bus drivers do not
32
Q

How can visual recognition memory be tested?

A

Novel Object Recognition Test

33
Q

What is the procedure of the Novel Object Recognition Test?

A

A rat is presented with two identical objects and given time to explore them
One object is changed
The amount of time the rat spends exploring each object is measured
Rats normally spend more time exploring the new object

34
Q

How are the results of the novel object recognition test presented?

A

As a discrimination ratio
Nov = time spent exploring novel object
Fam = time spent exploring familiar object
D = (Nov-Fam)/(Nov+Fam)
If D = 0, time spent exploring each object is the same
If D>1, time spent exploring novel object is longer
Real result was D = 0.48

35
Q

What effect does lesions to the perirhinal cortex have?

A

Abolished novel object preference

36
Q

Where is the perirhinal cortex located?

A

Adjacent to the hippocampus, highly connected to

37
Q

How can object preference be used to test spatial memory?

A

Instead of replacing one object, one object is moved to a new location
Lesions to hippocampus disrupt longer exploration time of object in new location

Neuroscience (12 decks)

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