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pressure groups Flashcards

1
Q

what are pressure groups?

A

organisations that usually have a single interest or goal

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2
Q

how are pressure groups different to political parties?

A

don’t look to gain power, instead want to influence those in power

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3
Q

what are pressure groups an example of in the UK?

A

pluralism

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4
Q

what are sectional pressure groups?

A

look after own section of society, members have same or similar occupation + shared interests, closed membership, act to gain best deal possible for members

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5
Q

what is an example of a sectional pressure group?

A

British medical association
trade unions

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6
Q

what are causal pressure groups?

A

campaign for particular cause/issue, does not necessarily affect members, members from all different backgrounds, cause in common, open membership

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7
Q

what are examples of causal pressure groups?

A

RSPCA, oxfam etc

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8
Q

what are insider pressure groups?

A

groups that have special relationship with gov, have access to officials and decision makers

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9
Q

what are outsider pressure groups?

A

do not have close links to gov, resort to activities that generate attention from press to raise publicity and pressurise gov that way

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10
Q

what are the methods of pressure groups?

A

lobby as an insider
research and publish reports
give evidence at hearings
organise publicity campaigns
organise public demonstrations
publicity stunts
civil disobedience
go on strike
use celeb spokesperson
bring test cases to court
digital campaigns

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11
Q

why do pressure groups lobby?

A

meet with politicians and civil servants to try to argue their case and persuade them to adopt ideas

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12
Q

why do pressure groups research and publish reports?

A

can provide evidence to support group’s argument, used to inform politicians, raise awareness of cause

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13
Q

why do pressure groups give evidence at hearings?

A

by giving evidence and speaking on behalf of members, can exert influence on those in power

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14
Q

why do PG’s organise publicity campaigns?

A

raise public awareness, encourage public to take action, encourage public to put pressure on elected officials

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15
Q

why do PG’s organise public demonstrations?

A

demonstrate strength and scale of support, large demonstration likely to gain publicity and spread awareness

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16
Q

why do PG’s use publicity stunts?

A

attract media attention
gain publicity
generate awareness of cause

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17
Q

why do PG’s partake in civil disobedience?

A

cause disruption and raise attention, feel have no other option

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18
Q

why do PG’s choose to go on strike?

A

put pressure on those in power to reach agreement, disruption can be damaging to gov

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19
Q

why do PG’s bring test cases to court?

A

provide legal expertise, secure rights for their members and ensure rights are protected

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19
Q

why do PG’s use celebrity spokespeople?

A

raise profile of group, gain media attention, share in popularity of celeb

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20
Q

why do PG’s use digital campaigns?

A

promote cause, publicise events, create viral campaigns

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21
Q

why do people join pressure groups?

A

representation
personal beliefs
participation
material beliefs
need

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22
Q

why can the internet be good for pressure groups?

A

online campaigns cheap way of spreading info + raising awareness
easier and cheaper to coordinate large groups/events
easier + convenient means of participation

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23
Q

why can the internet be bad for pressure groups?

A

so many groups online, hard to standout
need professional website + expertise - expensive
slacktivism

24
Q

what are the reasons for pressure group success?

A

insider status
wealth
large membership
organisation
expertise
celebrity endorsement

25
Q

how does insider status help a pressure group succeed?

A

close links to gov, able to advise and influence ministers directly as events happening

26
Q

how does wealth help a pressure group succeed?

A

allow them to pay for things that help promote their cause

27
Q

how does having a large membership help pressure groups succeed?

A

means you control large section of electorate, number of people ready to take action

28
Q

how does being organised help a pressure group succeed?

A

allows group to maximise resources, target them effectively to achieve goals

29
Q

how does expertise help a pressure group succeed?

A

more likely to be listened to and respected by gov and public

30
Q

how does celebrity endorsement help a pressure group succeed?

A

will generate press interest and raise profile of cause, may help draw members to the group

31
Q

what factors might limit the success of a pressure group?

A

chequebook membership- join for material benefits
slacktivism
small membership
outsider status

32
Q

why do pressure groups fail?

A

goal contradicts gov policy
gov can resist pressure from the group
countervailing forces
goals of group acts against popular opinion
group alienates public

33
Q

how does the pressure groups goal being against gov policy mean they may fail?

A

if gov determined to follow policy difficult for PG to persuade them to change mind

34
Q

why does the gov being able to resist pressure mean pressure groups may fail?

A

they are in strong enough position to resist campaign and effectively ignore it

35
Q

how does countervailing forces lead to pressure group failure?

A

campaign against another more powerful or popular pressure group which wins

36
Q

why does the goals of the group going against popular opinion increase chance of failure?

A

public will not support the group, gov more inclined to follow popular feelings on an issue

37
Q

why does the group alienating the public increase its chance of failure?

A

may commit violent acts, will be regarded unfavourable and lose support for its goals

38
Q

what is the RMT union?
who does it represent?
type of pressure group?
methods?
aims?

A

sectional group
aims- promote + defend rights + conditions of workers in transport industry
insider status - labour party
puts up candidates for elections
lobbying politicians
strikes
social media

39
Q

when has the RMT union been successful?

A

secured all staff £1000/£850 bonus during the Olympics

40
Q

when has the RMT union failed?

A

failure to stop the closure of 289 ticket offices across the tube network, strikes failed to gain publicity and support

41
Q

what is Greenpeace?
methods? aims?

A

NGO
aim- ensure the ability of Earth to nurture life in all its diversity
causal group
initially direct action campaigns, now more insider methods

42
Q

when has Greenpeace been successful?

A

2011 stop practice of tuna fishing that kills many other fish at same time, all UK supermarkets stopped purchasing tuna caught by unsuitable methods

43
Q

when has Greenpeace been unsuccessful?

A

2011-2012 failed to stop company from exploring gas reserves on Greenland, people of Greenland insulted by Greenpeace campaigns and wanted natural gas to be found to become independent

44
Q

what is a think tank?

A

a group that has been formed with the specific purpose of formulating and developing policy ideas

45
Q

can think tanks be both single issue groups and general agenda?

A

yes

46
Q

how are think tanks funded?

A

privately funded by a group or individual that wishes to have workable ideas made into gov policy

47
Q

how are think tanks like pressure groups?

A

attempt to persuade gov to adopt their policy goals

48
Q

how are think tanks unlike pressure groups?

A

methods rely on working with the gov of the day or aligning themselves with particular party

49
Q

what is lobbying?

A

process of meeting with key political figures and trying to persuade them to support your aims

50
Q

what are lobbying firms?

A

firms that employ people who have contacts with and access to key political figures

51
Q

what are corporations?

A

work closely with gov to develop practical legislation
gov consults them on policy ideas to check they are practical and to get help to implement key proposals

52
Q

how do corporations exert pressure on gov?

A

lobby themselves or employ lobbyists
control of key sectors of economy

53
Q

how do corporations using the threat of relocating to pressurise the ov?

A

say they will relocate if a policy is not put in place, will damage economy greatly, loss of employment

54
Q

examples of sectional pressure groups

A

Fire Brigades union
forest- tobacco smokers
age uk - elderly
taxpayers alliance

55
Q

examples of causal pressure groups

A

RSPCA - animal welfare
liberty - rights
ASH- reduce use of tobacco

56
Q

examples of insider pressure groups

A

BMA- advised gov on NHS reform
ASH- anti-smoking legislation

57
Q

examples of outsider pressure groups

A

Plane stupid- disobedience, obstruct building plans
Unlock democracy - campaign for constitutional reform

58
Q
A

politics (10 decks)

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