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main/ established political parties Flashcards

1
Q

what is conservatism?

A

an ideology favouring pragmatic approach to problems, preserve status quo

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2
Q

what is monetarism?

A

economic theory advocating controlling money supply as means to keep inflation in chrck

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3
Q

what is neoliberalism?

A

stress importance of free market, individual rights+limited gov

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4
Q

what is paternalist conservatism?

A

power and authority held centrally but state acts benevolently + cares for neediest, linked to ON conservatism

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5
Q

when did the Conservative party emerge?

A

1830s from the Tory party

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6
Q

what were the 2 extended periods of Conservative rule in the 20th century?

A

1951-64
1979-97

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7
Q

what were one nation tories committed to?

A

slow gradual change
Keynesian mixed economy
support for universal welfare state
internationalism + increasing European integration

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8
Q

what did the New Right believe in?

A

monetarism,
free market economics + deregulation
orthodox conservative approach to social policy

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9
Q

what did Thatcherism mark an end of?

A

postwar consensus
rise of adversarial politics

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10
Q

what radical policies did Thatcherism offer?

A

deregulation of business
privatisation of publicly owned industries
limits on powers of trade unions
smaller state
limited state intervention in economy
emphasis on national sovereignty
limited welfare provisions

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11
Q

what did Thatchers politics lead to a long history of within the party?

A

internal squabbles and divides over policy + ideology
leaders up to Cameron failed to command full confidence of entire party due to internal party factions and personal rivalries

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12
Q

what was the pre-Thatcherite/one nation tory faction in the Conservative party?

A

Tory Reform Group

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13
Q

what was the Thatcherite party factions?

A

Conservative Voice
Bruges Group

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14
Q

what were the post-Thatcherite party factions?

A

ResPublica -Red Tory
Bright Blue + Free Enterprise Group - Liberal Conservatism

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15
Q

what were the original objectives of the Conservative party when they first emerged?

A

prevent country falling too far into inequality
preserve unity of kingdom
preserve order in society

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16
Q

what are the main ideas of the Conservatives?

A

conserve dominant position of upper classes + hierarchy
order + harmony in society
gradual reform
individualism and limited state in economy
patriotism, support for institutions
low taxation + capitalism
private ownership
law order + national security

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17
Q

how do New Right conservatives and One Nation conservatives differ?

A

NR-anti EU, ON-pro EU
ON-mixed economy, NR-limited state, privatisation
NR-limited welfare state,dependency, ON-accept welfare state

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18
Q

why is support for tradition a key feature on ON conservatism?

A

links to maintaining unity, society unites around common institutions and values

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19
Q

why is need for order a key feature of ON conservatism?

A

pessimistic view of HN leads to chaos + disorder, prioritise security over freedoms, needed to achieve progress

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20
Q

why is organic society a key feature of ON conservatism?

A

society left to develop naturally, pragmatic approach, paternalism help neediest, little state intervention

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21
Q

why do ON conservatives fear too much diversity?

A

organic society, may threaten social unity, resistance to immigration

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22
Q

why do conservatives support private property?

A

expression of family aspirations, creates sense of responsibility

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23
Q

why do conservatives support private property?

A

expression of family aspirations, creates sense of responsibility

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24
Q

what do NR conservatives think about nationalism and foreign policy?

A

suspicion of multinational associations, foreign policy represent pursuit on nations interests, euro-scepticism, pro USA

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25
how does New Right link to neo-conservatism?
maintain traditional Christian morality less tolerance for alternative lifestyles strong position on law + ordrr
26
what did New Right conservatives think about welfare state?
leads to dependency culture, welfare benefits reduced/eliminated, disincentive to work
27
what are the similarities between ON and NR conservatism?
strict approach to law + order traditional Christian values + British values prefer free markets + low taxation private property ownership nationalist outlook
28
what are Conservative ideas and policies about law and order today?
terrorism- sacrifice civil liberties for national security prison + harsh punishments deterrent against crime 1st duty of gov to protect citizens 2017+19 manifestos pledged to alter HRA- ability to deal with national threats
29
what are Conservative ideas and policies towards the economy today?
rigorous approach to economic management public expenditure under careful control aim to eliminate budget deficits+ reduce national debt excessive spending for Covid national debt 2023- 2.6 trillion
30
what are current conservative ideas and policies towards foreign affairs?
if in countries best interest intervene in foreign conflicts retain independent foreign policy keep nuclear deterrent support NATO and alliance with USA
31
what are current conservative ideas and policies towards welfare?
cap on total welfare benefits for families maintain welfare state, safeguards NHS + education ensure benefits not disincentive to work stricter system to prevent unemployment intro of minimum wage
32
what are the arguments to suggest Theresa May was a ON conservative?
- wanted to link party back to ordinary people, no longer represent selfish elite - clean up police force, enquiries into Hillsborough disaster + illegal surveillance, black deaths in police custody -gov intervention to help those getting by, workers represented on company boards
33
what are the arguments to say May was not a ON conservative?
-drastique cuts to public spending, especially on welfare -tax cuts - plans to restrict trade union powers - immigrants drowning deterrent -not take in 3000 child refugees she promised she would
34
what are the arguments Cameron was a ON conservative?
socially progressive promoted Big Society against Brexit
35
what are the arguments Cameron was not an ON conservative?
austerity programme massive public spending cuts
36
how was Johnson much more One Nation?
level up society as whole- refocus on public spending faith in enabling state abandoned economic neo-liberalism and social conservatism increased public spending and gov support during covid
37
what does the conservative party faction Tory Reform Group fight for?
promoting modern progressive conservatism wants conservatism that supports equality, diversity + civil liberties follow ON conservatism progressive economy
38
what does the conservative party faction Cornerstone promote?
traditional values unitary gov opposes devolution greater emphasis on traditional family tighter restrictions on immigration
39
who was the Labour party formed to represent?
the working classes at the time when the franchise hadn’t been extended to them
40
what is social democracy?
ideology that accepts the basic premise of capitalism while advocating a more equitable distribution of wealth
41
what is socialism?
ideology advocating greater equality and redistribution of wealth, suspicious of capitalism, favour greater gov intervention
42
what is New Labour?
Labour party under Blair, less powerful role of unions, rebranding to make party more appealing to middle class voters
43
what is Old Labour?
partys historic commitment to socialism links with socialist societies, trade unions and working class
44
what is the Third way?
ideological position between conventional socialism and mainstream capitalism
45
what is triangulation?
process of melding together core Labour party principles and values and lessons learnt from Thatcherism
46
what are the characteristics of Old Labour?
dogmatic party of working class interventionist favours public sector provision advocates social justice supports universal welfare
47
what are the characteristics of New Labour?
pragmatic catch all party favours market economy favours public-private partnerships advocates social inclusion supports targeted welfare
48
what was Labour like under Brown?
commitment to social justice nationalised banks return to tax and spend approach of Old Labour constitutional reform failed to fulfil expectations
49
what was Labour like under Miliband?
relied on backing of trade unions to win defeat fractured party right of party saw defeat as product of abandoning Blairite formula left of party saw defeat as evidence of failures of New Labour
50
what was Labour like under Corbyn?
committed socialist + backbench rebel did not have full control over Labour MPs wanted full employment and economy that works for all, security at work, secure NHS, national education service, action to help environment, publicise economy + services, cut income and wealth inequality, peaceful foreign policy
51
when was the main Labour party actually formed?
1900
52
what were the values of Old Labour?
equality + social justice -redistribute income class conflict in society equality of opportunity collectivism- welfare state, unions etc public ownership of industries trade unionism central state welfare state protect all in socieyy
53
what were some of the policies/actions of Old Labour?
welfare state created 1940s trade unions granted more powers major industries nationalised taxes on wealthy raised comprehensive education 1960s discrimination outlawed 60s + 70s
54
what were the values of New labour?
middle way between socialism and free market reject class conflict capitalism best way of creating wealth markets largely free from state control individual goals equality of opportunity duties towards community political and constitutional reform
55
what were some of the policies/ actions of New Labour?
refusal to restore union powers resisted bringing private industries under state control no high taxes on wealthy public borrowing to fund welfare increases in spending on NHS investment in education constitutional reforms policies to reduce poverty encouraging employment
56
what does the Labour party faction Momentum stand for?
far left, wealth redistribution, nationalisation, abandonment of nuclear deterrent
57
what do the Labour Blairites stand for?
centrist, support New Labour, 3rd way
58
what does Old Labour tbink about the role of the state?
has responsibility to treat all equally, gov intervention in economy, ensure capitalism doesn’t take advantage of workers, ensure social justice, welfare state
59
what does Old Labour think about equality and social justice?
need equality of opportunity, provide education and welfare, access to decent standard of living, laws to guarantee equal rights and outlaw discrimination, redistribution of income to reduce inequalities, formal equality, no unjustified privileges
60
what does New Labour say about law and order?
tackle criminal behaviour tackle poor social conditions legal measures to deal with antisocial behaviour restrict civil liberties
61
what does new labour say about having an ethical foreign policy?
campaign to cancel 3rd world debt britain has responsibility to care for poorer parts of world intervene abroad where human rights and democracy threatened equality + social justice increase foreign aid
62
what are the similarities in views between Old Labour and New Labour?
social justice welfare state needed to maintain social justice widespread equality of opportunity equal rights + no discrimination private businesses need to be encouraged to act in public interest
63
what evidence of Old Labour is there under Brown?
commitment to social justice nationalised some banks tax and spend surrendered NL reputation for economic competence
64
what evidence of Old Labour is there under Brown?
commitment to social justice nationalised some banks tax and spend surrendered NL reputation for economic competence
65
what evidence of NL was there under Brown?
chancellor- deregulation, light touch approach, free markets constitutional reforms little success
66
what evidence of old labour was there under Corbyn?
secure NHS peace + justice at heart of foreign policy secure equal society cut income and wealth inequality nationalisation éducation security at work
67
what evidence of NL was there under Corbyn?
secure homes guarantee peaceful foreign policy action to secure enfironment
68
what evidence of Old Labour is there under Starmer?
promise of publicly owned energy firm pledged 28bn year for climate action tax measures to raise 26bn year for NHS raise minimum wage, ban zero hours contracts ensure workers guaranteed sick pay renewal of NHS abolish universal credit abolish tuition fees promised to take raise operators back into public ownership
69
what evidence of New Labour is there under Starmer?
end to commitment of common ownership, more privatisation no commitment to tax and spend no commitment to scrapping tuition fees 13,000 extra police officers, more police on street devolve more power away from central gov tough on crime and causes of crime commitment to NATO and nuclear deterrent focus on UK national security
70
when were the Lib Dems formed?
1988
71
what groups formed the original SDP-Liberal alliance?
SDP and Liberal party
72
what is liberalism?
political ideology personal liberty, toleration and limited gov
73
what was the Lib Dem party like under Clegg?
developed programme that included more orthodox lib dem policies, challenged principles party founded upon
74
what do Orange Book Liberals believe in?
endorse Thatcherite economics, free markets and limited state, individual liberties, social justice through income redistribution
75
what do Social Liberals believe in?
new or progressive liberalism reject Thatcherite economics
76
what were the Lib Dems party policies in 2017?
balance day to day spending by raising income tax maintain triple lock on pensions reverse cuts to universal tax credits raise welfare spending maintain tuition fees' restore full border checks devolve more powers votes at 16
77
what are the core values for Liberal Democrats?
liberty + limited state intervention social justice welfare constitutionalism- limit gov power social reform human rights and democracy multiculturalism environment
78
what are LD views on the economy?
rebalance economy so wealth and economic activity spread more widely pragmatic economic management fair taxation redistribute real income
79
what are LD views on law and order?
rehabilitation as much as punishment minimise social causes of crime system should not be too authoritarian that human rights are threatened balance between liberties and need for peace + security
80
what are LD views on the EU?
pro EU would have preferred Brexit not happened
81
what are LD views on welfare?
education and health key priorities spending protected and increased when necessary benefits system designed to encourage work + be fair poor pensioners + single parents supported
82
what are LD views on foreign policy?
support NATO suspicious of excessive interference by UK in conflicts abroad abandon nuclear submarine missile system support international aid international conflicts settled through UN
83
what does the Lib Dem 2024 manifesto promise?
-introduce proportional representation -16+17 right to vote -written constitution -devolve more powers -- build at least 150,000 new council + social homes yearly -end sewage discharges -improve rehabilitation, stop cycle of reoffending -mental health on same footing as physical health -cut greenhouse gas emissions to 0 by 2045
84

politics (10 decks)

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