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politics > main/ established political parties > Flashcards

main/ established political parties Flashcards

1
Q

what is conservatism?

A

an ideology favouring pragmatic approach to problems, preserve status quo

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2
Q

what is monetarism?

A

economic theory advocating controlling money supply as means to keep inflation in chrck

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3
Q

what is neoliberalism?

A

stress importance of free market, individual rights+limited gov

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4
Q

what is paternalist conservatism?

A

power and authority held centrally but state acts benevolently + cares for neediest, linked to ON conservatism

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5
Q

when did the Conservative party emerge?

A

1830s from the Tory party

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6
Q

what were the 2 extended periods of Conservative rule in the 20th century?

A

1951-64
1979-97

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7
Q

what were one nation tories committed to?

A

slow gradual change
Keynesian mixed economy
support for universal welfare state
internationalism + increasing European integration

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8
Q

what did the New Right believe in?

A

monetarism,
free market economics + deregulation
orthodox conservative approach to social policy

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9
Q

what did Thatcherism mark an end of?

A

postwar consensus
rise of adversarial politics

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10
Q

what radical policies did Thatcherism offer?

A

deregulation of business
privatisation of publicly owned industries
limits on powers of trade unions
smaller state
limited state intervention in economy
emphasis on national sovereignty
limited welfare provisions

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11
Q

what did Thatchers politics lead to a long history of within the party?

A

internal squabbles and divides over policy + ideology
leaders up to Cameron failed to command full confidence of entire party due to internal party factions and personal rivalries

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12
Q

what was the pre-Thatcherite/one nation tory faction in the Conservative party?

A

Tory Reform Group

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13
Q

what was the Thatcherite party factions?

A

Conservative Voice
Bruges Group

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14
Q

what were the post-Thatcherite party factions?

A

ResPublica -Red Tory
Bright Blue + Free Enterprise Group - Liberal Conservatism

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15
Q

what were the original objectives of the Conservative party when they first emerged?

A

prevent country falling too far into inequality
preserve unity of kingdom
preserve order in society

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16
Q

what are the main ideas of the Conservatives?

A

conserve dominant position of upper classes + hierarchy
order + harmony in society
gradual reform
individualism and limited state in economy
patriotism, support for institutions
low taxation + capitalism
private ownership
law order + national security

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17
Q

how do New Right conservatives and One Nation conservatives differ?

A

NR-anti EU, ON-pro EU
ON-mixed economy, NR-limited state, privatisation
NR-limited welfare state,dependency, ON-accept welfare state

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18
Q

why is support for tradition a key feature on ON conservatism?

A

links to maintaining unity, society unites around common institutions and values

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19
Q

why is need for order a key feature of ON conservatism?

A

pessimistic view of HN leads to chaos + disorder, prioritise security over freedoms, needed to achieve progress

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20
Q

why is organic society a key feature of ON conservatism?

A

society left to develop naturally, pragmatic approach, paternalism help neediest, little state intervention

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21
Q

why do ON conservatives fear too much diversity?

A

organic society, may threaten social unity, resistance to immigration

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22
Q

why do conservatives support private property?

A

expression of family aspirations, creates sense of responsibility

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23
Q

why do conservatives support private property?

A

expression of family aspirations, creates sense of responsibility

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24
Q

what do NR conservatives think about nationalism and foreign policy?

A

suspicion of multinational associations, foreign policy represent pursuit on nations interests, euro-scepticism, pro USA

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25
Q

how does New Right link to neo-conservatism?

A

maintain traditional Christian morality
less tolerance for alternative lifestyles
strong position on law + ordrr

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26
Q

what did New Right conservatives think about welfare state?

A

leads to dependency culture, welfare benefits reduced/eliminated, disincentive to work

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27
Q

what are the similarities between ON and NR conservatism?

A

strict approach to law + order
traditional Christian values + British values
prefer free markets + low taxation
private property ownership
nationalist outlook

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28
Q

what are Conservative ideas and policies about law and order today?

A

terrorism- sacrifice civil liberties for national security
prison + harsh punishments deterrent against crime
1st duty of gov to protect citizens
2017+19 manifestos pledged to alter HRA- ability to deal with national threats

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29
Q

what are Conservative ideas and policies towards the economy today?

A

rigorous approach to economic management
public expenditure under careful control
aim to eliminate budget deficits+ reduce national debt
excessive spending for Covid
national debt 2023- 2.6 trillion

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30
Q

what are current conservative ideas and policies towards foreign affairs?

A

if in countries best interest intervene in foreign conflicts
retain independent foreign policy
keep nuclear deterrent
support NATO and alliance with USA

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31
Q

what are current conservative ideas and policies towards welfare?

A

cap on total welfare benefits for families
maintain welfare state, safeguards NHS + education
ensure benefits not disincentive to work
stricter system to prevent unemployment
intro of minimum wage

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32
Q

what are the arguments to suggest Theresa May was a ON conservative?

A
  • wanted to link party back to ordinary people, no longer represent selfish elite
  • clean up police force, enquiries into Hillsborough disaster + illegal surveillance, black deaths in police custody
    -gov intervention to help those getting by, workers represented on company boards
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33
Q

what are the arguments to say May was not a ON conservative?

A

-drastique cuts to public spending, especially on welfare
-tax cuts
- plans to restrict trade union powers
- immigrants drowning deterrent
-not take in 3000 child refugees she promised she would

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34
Q

what are the arguments Cameron was a ON conservative?

A

socially progressive
promoted Big Society
against Brexit

35
Q

what are the arguments Cameron was not an ON conservative?

A

austerity programme
massive public spending cuts

36
Q

how was Johnson much more One Nation?

A

level up society as whole- refocus on public spending
faith in enabling state
abandoned economic neo-liberalism and social conservatism
increased public spending and gov support during covid

37
Q

what does the conservative party faction Tory Reform Group fight for?

A

promoting modern progressive conservatism
wants conservatism that supports equality, diversity + civil liberties
follow ON conservatism
progressive economy

38
Q

what does the conservative party faction Cornerstone promote?

A

traditional values
unitary gov
opposes devolution
greater emphasis on traditional family
tighter restrictions on immigration

39
Q

who was the Labour party formed to represent?

A

the working classes at the time when the franchise hadn’t been extended to them

40
Q

what is social democracy?

A

ideology that accepts the basic premise of capitalism while advocating a more equitable distribution of wealth

41
Q

what is socialism?

A

ideology advocating greater equality and redistribution of wealth, suspicious of capitalism, favour greater gov intervention

42
Q

what is New Labour?

A

Labour party under Blair, less powerful role of unions, rebranding to make party more appealing to middle class voters

43
Q

what is Old Labour?

A

partys historic commitment to socialism
links with socialist societies, trade unions and working class

44
Q

what is the Third way?

A

ideological position between conventional socialism and mainstream capitalism

45
Q

what is triangulation?

A

process of melding together core Labour party principles and values and lessons learnt from Thatcherism

46
Q

what are the characteristics of Old Labour?

A

dogmatic
party of working class
interventionist
favours public sector provision
advocates social justice
supports universal welfare

47
Q

what are the characteristics of New Labour?

A

pragmatic
catch all party
favours market economy
favours public-private partnerships
advocates social inclusion
supports targeted welfare

48
Q

what was Labour like under Brown?

A

commitment to social justice
nationalised banks
return to tax and spend approach of Old Labour
constitutional reform failed to fulfil expectations

49
Q

what was Labour like under Miliband?

A

relied on backing of trade unions to win
defeat fractured party
right of party saw defeat as product of abandoning Blairite formula
left of party saw defeat as evidence of failures of New Labour

50
Q

what was Labour like under Corbyn?

A

committed socialist + backbench rebel
did not have full control over Labour MPs
wanted full employment and economy that works for all, security at work, secure NHS, national education service, action to help environment, publicise economy + services, cut income and wealth inequality, peaceful foreign policy

51
Q

when was the main Labour party actually formed?

A

1900

52
Q

what were the values of Old Labour?

A

equality + social justice -redistribute income
class conflict in society
equality of opportunity
collectivism- welfare state, unions etc
public ownership
of industries
trade unionism
central state
welfare state protect all in socieyy

53
Q

what were some of the policies/actions of Old Labour?

A

welfare state created 1940s
trade unions granted more powers
major industries nationalised
taxes on wealthy raised
comprehensive education 1960s
discrimination outlawed 60s + 70s

54
Q

what were the values of New labour?

A

middle way between socialism and free market
reject class conflict
capitalism best way of creating wealth
markets largely free from state control
individual goals
equality of opportunity
duties towards community
political and constitutional reform

55
Q

what were some of the policies/ actions of New Labour?

A

refusal to restore union powers
resisted bringing private industries under state control
no high taxes on wealthy
public borrowing to fund welfare
increases in spending on NHS
investment in education
constitutional reforms
policies to reduce poverty
encouraging employment

56
Q

what does the Labour party faction Momentum stand for?

A

far left, wealth redistribution, nationalisation, abandonment of nuclear deterrent

57
Q

what do the Labour Blairites stand for?

A

centrist, support New Labour, 3rd way

58
Q

what does Old Labour tbink about the role of the state?

A

has responsibility to treat all equally, gov intervention in economy, ensure capitalism doesn’t take advantage of workers, ensure social justice, welfare state

59
Q

what does Old Labour think about equality and social justice?

A

need equality of opportunity, provide education and welfare, access to decent standard of living, laws to guarantee equal rights and outlaw discrimination, redistribution of income to reduce inequalities, formal equality, no unjustified privileges

60
Q

what does New Labour say about law and order?

A

tackle criminal behaviour
tackle poor social conditions
legal measures to deal with antisocial behaviour
restrict civil liberties

61
Q

what does new labour say about having an ethical foreign policy?

A

campaign to cancel 3rd world debt
britain has responsibility to care for poorer parts of world
intervene abroad where human rights and democracy threatened
equality + social justice
increase foreign aid

62
Q

what are the similarities in views between Old Labour and New Labour?

A

social justice
welfare state needed to maintain social justice
widespread equality of opportunity
equal rights + no discrimination
private businesses need to be encouraged to act in public interest

63
Q

what evidence of Old Labour is there under Brown?

A

commitment to social justice
nationalised some banks
tax and spend
surrendered NL reputation for economic competence

64
Q

what evidence of Old Labour is there under Brown?

A

commitment to social justice
nationalised some banks
tax and spend
surrendered NL reputation for economic competence

65
Q

what evidence of NL was there under Brown?

A

chancellor- deregulation, light touch approach, free markets
constitutional reforms little success

66
Q

what evidence of old labour was there under Corbyn?

A

secure NHS
peace + justice at heart of foreign policy
secure equal society
cut income and wealth inequality
nationalisation
éducation
security at work

67
Q

what evidence of NL was there under Corbyn?

A

secure homes guarantee
peaceful foreign policy
action to secure enfironment

68
Q

what evidence of Old Labour is there under Starmer?

A

promise of publicly owned energy firm
pledged 28bn year for climate action
tax measures to raise 26bn year for NHS
raise minimum wage, ban zero hours contracts
ensure workers guaranteed sick pay
renewal of NHS
abolish universal credit
abolish tuition fees
promised to take raise operators back into public ownership

69
Q

what evidence of New Labour is there under Starmer?

A

end to commitment of common ownership, more privatisation
no commitment to tax and spend
no commitment to scrapping tuition fees
13,000 extra police officers, more police on street
devolve more power away from central gov
tough on crime and causes of crime
commitment to NATO and nuclear deterrent
focus on UK national security

70
Q

when were the Lib Dems formed?

A

1988

71
Q

what groups formed the original SDP-Liberal alliance?

A

SDP and Liberal party

72
Q

what is liberalism?

A

political ideology
personal liberty, toleration and limited gov

73
Q

what was the Lib Dem party like under Clegg?

A

developed programme that included more orthodox lib dem policies, challenged principles party founded upon

74
Q

what do Orange Book Liberals believe in?

A

endorse Thatcherite economics, free markets and limited state, individual liberties, social justice through income redistribution

75
Q

what do Social Liberals believe in?

A

new or progressive liberalism
reject Thatcherite economics

76
Q

what were the Lib Dems party policies in 2017?

A

balance day to day spending by raising income tax
maintain triple lock on pensions
reverse cuts to universal tax credits
raise welfare spending
maintain tuition fees’
restore full border checks
devolve more powers
votes at 16

77
Q

what are the core values for Liberal Democrats?

A

liberty + limited state intervention
social justice
welfare
constitutionalism- limit gov power
social reform
human rights and democracy
multiculturalism
environment

78
Q

what are LD views on the economy?

A

rebalance economy so wealth and economic activity spread more widely
pragmatic economic management
fair taxation
redistribute real income

79
Q

what are LD views on law and order?

A

rehabilitation as much as punishment
minimise social causes of crime
system should not be too authoritarian that human rights are threatened
balance between liberties and need for peace + security

80
Q

what are LD views on the EU?

A

pro EU
would have preferred Brexit not happened

81
Q

what are LD views on welfare?

A

education and health key priorities
spending protected and increased when necessary
benefits system designed to encourage work + be fair
poor pensioners + single parents supported

82
Q

what are LD views on foreign policy?

A

support NATO
suspicious of excessive interference by UK in conflicts abroad
abandon nuclear submarine missile system
support international aid
international conflicts settled through UN

83
Q

what does the Lib Dem 2024 manifesto promise?

A

-introduce proportional representation
-16+17 right to vote
-written constitution
-devolve more powers
– build at least 150,000 new council + social homes yearly
-end sewage discharges
-improve rehabilitation, stop cycle of reoffending
-mental health on same footing as physical health
-cut greenhouse gas emissions to 0 by 2045

84
Q
A

politics (10 decks)

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