Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y3 > Presentations > Flashcards

Presentations Flashcards

1
Q

What are the causes of abdominal distension?

A 
Intestinal obstruction
Ascites
Intestinal ischaemia
Abdominal mass
Pregnancy
Obesity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of an epigastric mass

A

Gastric: cancer

Pancreatic: abscess, cancer, pseudocyst

Hepatic: hepatomegaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of a LUQ mass

A

Splenic: splenomegaly

Gastric: cancer

Pancreatic: cancer, pseudocyst, abscess

Renal: hydronephrosis, RCC, PCKD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of a RIF mass

A

GI: appendix mass/abscess, CRC, Crohn’s disease, hernia

Infection: TB

Renal: transplantation

Gynaecological: ovarian tumour, ovarian cyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of a suprapubic mass

A

Urological: urinary retention, bladder cancer

Gynaecological: pregnancy, fibroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of a LIF mass

A

Renal: transplantation

Gynaecological: ovarian cyst, ovarian tumour

GI: diverticular disease, CRC, constipation, hernia, Crohn’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of a L or R flank mass

A

Hydronephrosis

Renal cell carcinoma

Polycystic kidney disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of an umbilical mass

A

GI: hernia, gastric cancer, CRC, lymphoma

Vascular: AAA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of RUQ pain

A

Biliary: gallstones, biliary colic, cholecystitis

Hepatic: hepatitis, HCC, liver abscesses

GI: CRC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of epigastric pain

A

Gastric: PUD, gastritis, GORD, cancer, functional dyspepsia

Pancreatic: pancreatitis, cancer

Cardiac: atypical MI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of LUQ pain

A

Splenic: abscess, splenomegaly, rupture, infarction

GI: CRC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of L or R flank pain

A

Vascular: aortic dissection

Renal: urinary tract calculi, pyelonephritis, RCC, PCKD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of lower abdominal pain

A

Urological: UTI, urinary retention, urinary tract calculi

Gynaecological: ovarian torsion, endometriosis, ectopic pregnancy, PID, ruptured ovarian cyst, ovarian tumour

GI: appendicitis, diverticular disease, UC, CD, CRC, constipation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of central and diffuse abdominal pain

A

GI: intestinal obstruction, perforation, functional dyspepsia, IBS

Infection: gastroenteritis, infectious colitis

Vascular: intestinal ischaemia, AAA

Metabolic: DKA, Addisonian crisis, hypercalcaemia

Haematological: SCD

Inflammatory: vasculitides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of raised aminotransferases

A 
Liver failure
Cirrhosis
Viral hepatitis
Alcoholic hepatitis
AI hepatitis
NASH
Wilson's disease
Sepsis syndromes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of raised ALP

A

Marked elevation: extrahepatic biliary obstruction, intrahepatic cholestasis

Moderate elevation:
Hepatic - viral/alcoholic/AI hepatitis, NASH, amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, TB, liver abscesses, sepsis syndromes

Non-hepatic - pregnancy, osteomalacia, Paget’s disease of bone, hyperparathyroidism, thyrotoxicosis, DM, cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What causes raised GGT

A

Alcohol excess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of raised bilirubin

A

Unconjugated:

  1. Overproduction - haemolytic anaemia, gallstones
  2. Impaired hepatic uptake - HF, drugs
  3. Impaired conjugation - Gilbert’s syndrome
  4. Neonatal jaundice

Conjugated:

  1. Hepatocellular dysfunction due to:
    a. Infection - viral hepatitis, liver abscess
    b. Hepatic - cirrhosis, NASH, alcoholic/AI hepatitis
    c. Malignancy - HCC
    d. Infiltration - amyloid, sarcoid, lymphoma
    e. Genetic - Wilson’s disease, haemochromatosis
    f. Drugs
  2. Obstruction - gallstones, pancreatic Ca, PBC, PSC, drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of abnormal lung function tests (obstructive picture)

A

Asthma

COPD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of abnormal lung function tests (restrictive picture)

A

Intrinsic: pulmonary fibrosis

Extrinsic:
Neuromuscular - GBS, MND
Obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of metabolic acidosis

A

Normal anion gap: loss of bicarbonate - diarrhoea

High anion gap:

  1. Decreased renal acid excretion - CKD
  2. Increased acid production - lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis, aspirin OD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of respiratory acidosis

A

Central depression:
1. Drugs - opiate OD, alcohol

Neuromuscular: MND, GBS, myasthenia gravis

Respiratory: COPD, asthma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of metabolic alkalosis

A

GI H+ loss: n+v

Renal H+ loss: primary hyperaldosteronism

Intracellular H+ shift: hypokalaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of respiratory alkalosis

A

Central stimulation: anxiety, pain, fever, pregnancy, stroke, cancer, aspirin OD

Respiratory: PE, asthma, COPD, pneumonia, HF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of monoarthritis

A

Degenerative: osteoarthritis

Inflammatory: rheumatoid arthritis, seronegatic arthritides (UC, CD, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis), vasculitides, SLE, sarcoidosis, Behcet’s disease

Infection: septic arthritis

Metabolic: crystal arthropathy - gout/pseudgout

Traumatic injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of oligoarthritis

A

Infection: infective endocarditis

Inflammatory: seronegative arthritides (reactive arthritis, UC, CD, AS, psoriatic arthritis), rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitides, SLE, sarcoidosis, Behcet’s disease, Sjogren’s syndrome

Degenerative: osteoarthritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of polyarthritis

A

Degenerative: osteoarthritis

Inflammatory: rheumatoid arthritis, seronegative arthritides, vasculitides, SLE, sarcoidosis, Behcet’s disease, Sjogren’s syndrome

Infection:
Viral - infectious mononucleosis, HIV
Post-infective - rheumatic fever

Metabolic: gout, pseudogout, haemochromatosis

Haematological: SCD

Cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of ascites

A

Exudative: infection, pancreatitis, cancer

Transudative:
Hepatic - cirrhosis
Cardiac - HF, constrictive pericarditis
Renal - CKD, nephrotic syndrome
Ovarian - tumours

Haemorrhagic: cancer, trauma, acute pancreatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of back pain

A

Malignancy: multiple myeloma, metastases, lymphoma, leukaemia, CNS tumours

Mechanical: osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, spine fracture, trauma

Infection: osteomyelitis

Inflammatory: ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic spondylitis, reactive arthritis, enteropathic arthritis (UC, CD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of bradycardia

A

Physiological: fitness, sleep

CV: IHD, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, heart block, congenital heart disease

CNS: raised ICP

Endocrine: hypothyroidism

Electrolyte disturbance: hyperK, hypoK

Drugs

Hypothermia

Anorexia nervosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of breast lump

A

Benign: physiological, fibroadenoma, cysts, mastitis, abscess, benign ductal disease (ectasia, papilloma), lipoma

Malignant: breast cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of breast pain

A

Cyclical: physiological, contraceptives, HRT

Non-cyclical: breast cancer, benign ductal disease (ectasia, papilloma), mastitis, abscess, pregnancy, HRT

Extra-mammary: chest wall pain, spinal disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of calf swelling/pain

A

Unilateral: DVT, acute/chronic limb ischaemia, cellulitis, erysipelas, compartment syndrome, trauma, lymphoedema

Bilateral: hypoalbuminaemia, lymphoedema, varicose veins, acute/chronic limb ischaemia, HF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of cerebellar signs (e.g. ataxia, dysdiadochokinesia)

A

Vascular: stroke, TIA

Infection: meningitis, encephalitis, TB

Inflammatory: sarcoidosis, MS, GBS, Coeliac disease

Toxic: chemotherapy, alcohol abuse

Metabolic: vit B12/thiamine deficiency

Endocrine: hypothyroidism

Malignancy: CNS tumours, metastases, paraneoplastic syndromes

Degenerative: Wilson’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of chest pain

A

CV: IHD, pericarditis, cardiomyopathy, aortic dissection

Respiratory: pulmonary HTN, sarcoidosis, pneumothorax, lung cancer, asthma, COPD, PE, pneumonia

GI: pancreatitis, GORD, PUD, gastritis

MSK: vasculitides, trauma

Neuro: radiculopathy, varicella zoster

Psychiatric: panic disorder, depressive disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of an abnormal APTT

A

Haematological: haemophilia, VWD, antiphospholipid syndrome

Drugs

Vit K deficiency

Liver Failure

DIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of an abnormal PT and INR

A

Drugs

Vit K deficiency

Liver failure

DIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of clubbing

A

CV: congenital heart disease, infective endocarditis

Respiratory: lung cancer, bronchiectasis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, TB

GI: IBD, cirrhosis, lymphoma, Coeliac disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of acute confusion

A

Vascular: stroke, TIA

Infection: meningitis, encephalitis, pneumonia, UTI

Metabolic: liver failure, CKD, hyperCa, hypoNa, hypoxia (respiratory failure), vit B12 deficiency

Endocrine: hypoglycaemia, hypothryoidism, thyrotoxicosis, adrenal insufficiency

Neuro: post-ictal

Neoplastic: CNS tumours

Drugs: alcohol abuse, drug abuse, opiate OD

Psychiatric disorders

Trauma: head injury, SDH, SAH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of constipation

A

GI: obstruction (diverticular disease, hernia, CRC, UC, CD), anal fissure, rectal prolapse, IBS

Endocrine: DM, hypothyroidism, hypercalcaemia

Neuro: Parkinson’s disease, MS, spinal cord injury

Drugs

Psychiatric: anorexia nervosa

Diet: low fibre + fluids

Post-operative

Immobility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of cough

A

Infection: pneumonia, TB, URTI

Respiratory: asthma, COPD, bronchiectasis, lung cancer

CV: HF

GI: GORD

Drugs: ACE inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of central cyanosis

A

Infection

Respiratory: asthma, pneumothorax, right to left pulmonary shunt (COPD, PE)

Cardiac: right to left cardiac shunt (congenital HD), HF

Haematological: SCD, thalassaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of peripheral cyanosis

A

Arterial thrombosis
Sepsis syndromes
Raynaud’s phenomena

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of decreased consciousness

A

Vascular: SDH, SAH, EDH, stroke

Infection: meningitis, encephalitis

Trauma: head injury

Hypoxia: cardiac arrest, type 1/2 respiratory failure

Metabolic: hypoglycaemia, liver failure, CKD, hyperNa, hypoNa, hyperK, hypoK, hyperCa

Neuro: raised ICP, epilepsy

Malignancy: SOL

Drugs: alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of diarrhoea

A

GI: gastroenteritis, infectious colitis, IBD, Coeliac disease, pancreatic insufficiency (due to CF), CRC, gastric Ca, diverticular disease, overflow diarrhoea

Endocrine: thyrotoxicosis, DM

Drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of diplopia

A

Monocular: cataracts, macular degeneration

Binocular: Wernicke’s encephalopathy, CN palsies, migraine, Grave’s disease, Miller Fisher syndrome, myasthenia gravis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of dizziness/blackouts/LoC

A

Vasovagal syncope

CV: tachy/bradycardia, outflow obstruction (AS, cardiomyopathy, PE), hypotension, IHD, aortic dissection

Neuro: epilepsy, stroke, TIA

Metabolic: hypoglycaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of dysarthria

A

Cerebellar: MS, stroke, CNS tumours

Bulbar/pseudobulbar: MND, MS

Extrapyramidal: Parkinson’s

Drugs: alcohol

49
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of dyspepsia

A

Oesophageal: GORD, cancer

Gastroduodenal: functional dyspepsia, PUD, gastritis, gastric cancer, hiatus hernia

Biliary: gallstones, cholecystitis

Drugs: alcohol

Psychiatric: anxiety disorder, depressive disorder

50
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of dysphagia

A

Intraluminal: foreign body

Intramural: achalasia, GORD, pharyngeal cancer, oesophageal cancer, gastric cancer, scleroderma, radiotherapy

Extramural: retrosternal goitre, lung cancer, lymphadenopathy, aortic aneurysm

Neuromuscular: stroke, GBS, MND, myasthenia gravis

51
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of dyspnoea

A

Acute: pneumothorax, PE, acute HF, anaphylaxis, foreign body, panic disorder

Subacute: asthma, COPD, pneumonia, PE, HF, lung cancer, metabolic acidosis

Chronic: MND, COPD, bronchiectasis, CF, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, lung cancer, pulmonary HTN, chronic HF

52
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of dysuria

A

Urinary tract: urinary tract calculi, bladder cancer, UTI

Vaginal: candidiasis, BV

Prostatic: BPH, epididymitis, orchitis

53
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of PR interval changes

A

Heart block

Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

54
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of QRS segment changes

A 
Ventricular tachycardia
Ventricular fibrillation
Supraventricular tachycardia
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
Cardiomyopathy
Hypothermia
55
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of ST segment changes

A

ST elevation: IHD, pericarditis, raised ICP, pacemaker

ST depression: IHD, SVT, hypoK, pacemaker

56
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of QT interval changes

A

Short QT: hyperCa

Prolonged QT: IHD, hypoK, hypoCa, hypothermia

57
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of P wave changes

A

Atrial fibrillation

Atrial flutter

58
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of T wave changes

A 
IHD
Cardiomyopathy
PE
Raised ICP
Hyper/hypoK
59
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of bilateral facial nerve palsy

A

AI: GBS, myasthenia gravis

Infection: HIV

Sarcoidosis
MND

60
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of unilateral facial nerve palsy

A

Infection: TB, otitis media, varicella zoster

Inflammation: sarcoidosis, lymphoma

Idiopathic: Bell’s palsy

Trauma

Vascular: stroke

61
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of fatigue

A 
Infection
Cancer
Anaemia
Obesity
Drugs

Endocrine: hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, DM

Cardiac: HF

Renal: CKD

Hepatic: liver failure

Psychiatric: depressive disorder

62
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of GI bleeding

A

Upper GI:
Swallowed blood - haemoptysis, epistaxis
Oesophageal - GORD, varices, M-W tear, cancer
Gastric - PUD, gastritis, cancer
Bleeding disorders - thrombocytopenia, haemophilia
Drugs

Lower GI:
Intestinal - GE, infectious colitis, diverticular disease, UC, intestinal ischaemia, CRC
Anal - haemorrhoids

63
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of goitre

A

Hypothyroidism
Grave’s disease
Thyroid nodule
Thyroid cancer

64
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of groin swelling

A

Scrotal: hydrocoele, varicocoele

Femoral: hernia, saphena varix

Inguinal: hernia, lymph nodes

Skin: lipoma, epidermoid/pilar (sebaceous) cysts

65
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of gynaecomastia

A

Physiological: puberty

Malignancy: testicular cancer

Endocrine: thyrotoxicosis, hypogonadism

Hepatic: cirrhosis

Renal: CKD

Drugs

66
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of haematuria

A

Bladder: cancer

Kidney: UTI, stones, glomerulonephritis, PCKD, RCC

Urethra: urethritis

Prostate: BPH, cancer

Haematological: haemophilia, thrombocytopenia, SCD

Trauma
Drugs

67
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of haemoptysis

A

Respiratory: lung cancer, TB, pneumonia, abscess, COPD, bronchiectasis, vasculitides, trauma

CV: PE, pulmonary HTN, HF

Coagulopathy: thrombocytopenia

68
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of headache

A

Acute: trauma, meningitis, encephalitis, acute closed-angle glaucoma, HTN, SAH, SDH, EDH

Chronic/recurrent:
Neuro - tension, migraine, cluster, raised ICP
Inflammatory - GCA
Psychiatric - depressive disorder, anxiety disorder
Drugs

69
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of hemiparesis

A

Vascular: SDH, EDH, stroke

Neuro: epilepsy, MS, CNS tumours, migraine

Infection: cerebral abscess

70
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of hepatomegaly

A

Hepatic: hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver abscess, liver cyst

Biliary: PBC, PSC

Cardiac: constrictive pericarditis, HF

Malignancy: metastases, HCC

Infiltration: amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, haemochromatosis

71
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of hypercalcaemia

A

Sarcoidosis
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Cancer
Multiple myeloma

72
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of hyperkalaemia

A

Increased release: metabolic acidosis, DM

Reduced excretion:
Renal - CKD
Endocrine - adrenal insufficiency
Drugs

73
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of hypernatraemia

A

Decreased water intake: acute confusion, dementia

Non-renal water loss: diarrhoea, fever, burns injury

Renal water loss: hypercalcaemia, diabetes insipidus

Sodium excess: primary hyperaldosteronism

74
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of hypoalbuminaemia

A

Reduced synthesis: liver failure, malnutrition

Increased losses: nephrotic syndrome, protein-losing enteropathy (Coeliac disease, IBD), burns injury, bullous skin lesion

75
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of hypocalcaemia

A

Low PTH: thyroidectomy

High PTH: vit D deficiency, metastases, acute pancreatitis, drugs

76
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of hypoglycaemia

A

Adrenal insufficiency
Malnutrition
Hypoglycaemic drugs

77
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of hypokalaemia

A

Renal losses: diuretics

GI: nausea and vomiting, diarrhoea

Endocrine: Cushing’s syndrome, primary hyperaldosteronism

78
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of hyponatraemia

A

Hypovolaemic:
GI losses - diarrhoea, n+v, intestinal obstruction
Renal losses - CKD, adrenal insufficiency, drugs
Burns injury

Euvolaemic:
Endocrine - hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency
SIADH - pneumonia, lung cancer, CNS tumours, head injury, drugs

Hypervolaemic:
Cardiac - HF
Hepatic - cirrhosis
Renal - nephrotic syndrome, CKD

79
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of hypotension

A

Volume depletion: haemorrhage, diarrhoea, diabetes insipidus, DM, AKI, burns

Infection: sepsis

Autonomic failure: Parkinson’s, DM, GBS

Anti-hypertensive drugs

80
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of hypoxia (type 1 respiratory failure)

A 
Asthma
COPD
PE
Pneumothorax
Pneumonia
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
ARDS
81
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of hypoxia (type 2 respiratory failure)

A

Respiratory: asthma, COPD, obstructive sleep apnoea

Central depression: resp centre depression, opiate OD

Neuromuscular: GBS, MND, myasthenia gravis

82
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of jaundice

A

Pre-hepatic:
Congenital haemolysis - SCD, thalassaemia
Acquired haemolysis - malaria

Hepatic: AI/viral hepatitis, liver abscess, sepsis, cirrhosis, mets, Wilson’s disease, haemochromatosis, alcohol abuse

Obstructive: pancreatic cancer, PBC, PSC, gallstones

83
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of nausea and vomiting

A

GI: GORD, PUD, gastritis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, GE, infectious colitis, appendicitis, intestinal obstruction, peritonitis

Endocrine: DKA, Addisonian crisis, hyperCa

Neuro: raised ICP, meningitis, migraine, head injury

Ophthalmological: acute closed-angle glaucoma

Pregnancy

Drugs: alcohol abuse, drug abuse, paracetamol OD

84
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of neck swelling

A

Anterior triangle:
Moves with swallow - thyroglossal cysts, thyroid nodule, goitre
Fixed with swallow - salivary gland tumour, lymphadenopathy, lymphoma

Posterior triangle: lymphadenopahty, lymphoma

85
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of night sweats

A

Infection: infective endocarditis, osteomyelitis, TB, HIV

Endocrine: thyrotoxicosis, phaeochromocytoma, menopause, carcinoid syndrome

Malignancy: lymphoma, cancer

86
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of nipple discharge

A

Milky: late pregnancy, puberty, duct ectasia, prolactinoma

Purulent: breast abscess

Serous: early pregnancy, breast cancer

Blood-stained: mastitis, breast cancer

87
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of oedema (ankle/pitting)

A

Cardiac: HF

Hepatic: cirrhosis, liver failure

Renal: nephrotic syndrome, CKD

Endocrine: hypothyroidism

Lymphoedema
Drugs

88
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of palpitations

A

Anaemia
Fever
Pregnancy

Cardiac: SCT, CT, AF, flutter, permanent pacing, MS, MR, AS, AR, TR, cardiomyopathy

Endocrine: phaeochromacytoma, hypoglycaemia, thyrotoxicosis

Psychiatric: panic disorder, anxiety disorder, depressive disorder,

Drugs: alcohol excess, drug abuse

89
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of pancytopenia

A

AI: SLE

Hypersplenism: splenomegaly

Aplastic anaemia: infection, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, radiotherapy

Megaloblastic anaemia

Marrow infiltration: myelofibrosis, metastases, lymphoma, leukaemia, multiple myeloma

Sepsis

90
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of papilloedema

A

Raised ICP

Optic nerve: optic neuritis (MS), infiltration (sarcoidosis, lymphoma, CNS tumours

Globe: glaucoma, posterior uveitis

Vascular: malignant HTN

91
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of peripheral neuropathy

A

Endocrine: DM, hypothyroidism

Infection: varicella zoster, HIV

Inflammation: vasculitides

AI: GBS, rheumatoid arthritis

Renal: CKD

Malignancy: multiple myeloma

Nutritional: vitamin B12 deficiency

Drugs: alcohol excess

92
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of petechiae and purpura

A

Infection: meningococcal septicaemia (from meningitis, IE, sepsis)

Inflammation: vasculitides, SLE, rheumatoid arthritis

Haematological: clotting abnormalities

Drugs

Amyloidosis

93
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of pleural effusion?

A 
Exudative:
Infection - pneumonia, TB
Inflammation - SLE, sarcoidosis, vasculitides
Malignancy - lung cancer, mesothelioma
Trauma
GI - pancreatitis
Transudative:
Cardiac - HF, constrictive pericarditis
Hepatic - liver failure
Renal - nephrotic syndrome, peritoneal dialysis
Endocrine - hypothyroidism
Hypoalbuminaemia
94
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of polydipsia

A

Endocrine: primary hypoaldosteronism, diabetes insipidus, DM

Drugs: diuretics

Psychogenic polydipsia

95
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of polyuria

A

Endocrine: diabetes insipidus, DM

Drugs

Psychogenic polydipsia

96
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of postural hypotension

A

Volume depletion: hypotension, sepsis, diabetes insipidus, adrenal insufficiency

Autonomic: Parkinson’s disease, diabetic neuropathy

Drugs

97
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of proximal muscle weakness (myopathy)

A

Endocrine: thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, osteomalacia, Cushing’s syndrome

Infection: HIV, influenza

Inflammation: vasculitides, idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (polymyositis, dermatomyositis)

Drugs: alcohol excess

98
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of raised CRP

A

Infection
Inflammation
Malignancy

99
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of raised ESR

A 
Infection
Inflammation
AI
Malignancy
Renal: CKD, nephrotic syndrome
Haematological: anaemia
Obesity
100
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of raised JVP

A

Non-pulsatile: superior vena cava obstruction

Pulsatile:
Cardiac - RHF, TR, constrictive pericarditis
Resp - COPD, cor pulmonale
Abdo - ascites, pregnancy

101
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of seizure

A

Vascular: stroke, SAH

Infection: brain abscess, TB, HIV, meningitis, encephalitis

Inflammation: MS, vasculitides, SLE, sarcoidosis

Trauma: head injury

Metabolic: hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, hyperK, hypoK, hyperNa, hypoNa

Drugs: alcohol

Malignancy: brain mets, CNS tumours

Neuro: epilepsy

Degenerative: Alzheimer’s dementia

Endocrine: thyrotoxicosis

102
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of sensory disturbance

A

Neuropathy:
Mono - carpal tunnel syndrome
Spine - radiculopathy
Poly - DM, alcohol, vit B12/folate def, HIV, vasculitides

Spinal cord: CNS tumours, MS

Brainstem/thalamic: stroke, TIA, CNS tumours, brain abscess

Drugs: chemo, HRT, biological agents

Epilepsy
Migraine

103
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of spastic paraparesis

A

Vascular: spinal cord infarction due to stroke

Infection: TB, AIDS myelopathy, epidural abscess

Inflammation: MS, sarcoidosis, paraneoplastic syndromes

Malignancy: CNS tumours

Hereditary: MND

Trauma

104
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of splenomegaly

A

Massive:
Malignancy - CML, myelofibrosis, lymphoma
Infection - HIV

Moderate:
Haematological - haemolytic anaemia, thalassaemia, SCD, hereditary spherocytosis
Hepatic - cirrhosis
Infection - IE, infectious mononucleosis, TB, malaria, HIV
Inflammation - SLE, RA
Trauma
Malignancy - lymphoma, multiple myeloma, metastases

105
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of sweating

A

Endocrine: diabetic autonomic neuropathy, thyrotoxicosis, hypoglycaemia, menopause, phaeochromocytoma, carcinoid syndrome

Infection: TB, HIV

Malignancy: lymphoma

Psychiatric: panic disorder, drug abuse

Alcohol withdrawal

106
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of tachycardia

A

Sinus:
Physiological - exercise, pain, fever, pregnancy
CV - MI, HF, constrictive pericarditis, hypotension, sepsis
Resp - PE, asthma, COPD
Endocrine - thyrotoxicosis, phaeochromocytoma
Psychiatric - generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder
Drugs

Supraventricular:
Atrioventricular - WPW syndrome
Atrial - AF/flutter

Ventricular: IHD, cardiomyopathy, hyperK, hypoK

107
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of testicular pain and swelling

A 
Epididymitis + orchitis
Testicular torsion
Strangulated inguinal hernia
Testicular cancer
Varicocoele
Hydrocoele
Trauma
108
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of thrombocytopenia

A

Increased splenic sequestration: hypersplenism

Reduced platelet production:
Pregnancy
Drugs: alcohol abuse, chemo, HRT, biological agents
Malignancy: multiple myeloma, myelofibrosis, lymphoma, leukaemia
Vitamin B12/folate deficiency

Increased platelet destruction:
AI - ITP, SLE, RA, antiphospholipid syndrome
Infection - EBV (infectious mononucleosis), HCV, HIV, malaria
Liver failure
DIC
Drugs

109
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of thyrotoxicosis

A

Graves’ disease
Thyroid nodules
Thyroiditis
Drugs

110
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of tinnitus

A

Auditory: sensorineural hearing loss (presbycusis, otosclerosis), drugs

Vascular: stroke

Neuro: MS

111
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of tremor

A

Essential
Parkinson’s disease

Cerebellar: stroke, infection, MS, vasculitides, CNS tumours

Endocrine: hypoglycaemia, thyrotoxicosis, phaeochromocytoma

Psychiatric: generalised anxiety disorder

Drugs: alcohol withdrawal, opiate withdrawal, antidepressants

112
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of urinary frequency

A

Infection: UTI, urethritis

Bladder: diabetic autonomic neuropathy, urinary tract calculi, bladder cancer, stress incontinence

Prostate: BPH, cancer

Pregnancy

Drugs: diuretics

113
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of urinary incontinence

A

Stress: childbirth, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

Urge: SC compression, SCI, bladder cancer, bladder outflow obstruction (retention), stroke, MS

Overflow: bladder outflow obstruction (retention)

114
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of urinary retention

A

Outflow obstruction:
Intraluminal - UT calculi
Intramural - urethral stricture
Extramural - BPH, constipation, pregnancy

Infection: UTI, urethritis, genital herpes (HSV)

Neurological impairment: SCI, diabetic autonomic neuropathy, MS, CNS tumours, metastases

Trauma
Post-operative
Drugs

115
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of urinary urgency

A

Infection: UTI, urethritis

Bladder: cancer, stress incontinence, UT calculi

Prostate: BPH, prostate cancer

Pregnancy

116
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of visual field defect

A 
Stroke
TIA
CNS tumours
MS
Trauma
117
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of weight loss

A

GI: PUD, gastritis, UC, CD, Coeliac disease

Infection

Cancer

Endocrine: thyrotoxicosis, DM, adrenal insufficiency

Cardiac: HF

Resp: bronchiectasis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, CF

Renal: CKD

Rheumatological: RA, GCA

Neuro: stroke, dementia, Parkinson’s disease, MND

Psychiatric: depressive disorder, anorexia nervosa, bipolar affective disorder

Drugs: alcohol abuse, drug abuse

118
Q

Classify and differentiate the causes of wheeze

A

Anaphylaxis

Resp: asthma, COPD, bronchiectasis, lung cancer

Cardiac: HF

Foreign body

Y3 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions