EMQs

Question 1

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 1

Increased no. of cells

Hormonally driven

Question 2

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 2

Increased size of cells
No increase in number of cells
Due to increased workload

Question 3

What is dysplasia?

Answer 3

Abnormal growth
Usually failure of normal maturation of epithelium, with partial expression of a neoplastic phenotype
Premalignant condition

Question 4

What is Schirmer’s test?

Answer 4

Measures rate at which strip of filter paper suspended from lower eyelid is wetted by tears

Reduced tear production - keratoconjunctivitis sicca - one of the features of Sjogren’s syndrome - causes ocular discomfort and erosion

Question 5

What is Hypromellose?

Answer 5

Artificial tears
Tx for keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Feature of Sjogren’s

Question 6

What is initial treatment for chronic simple (open-angle) glaucoma?

Answer 6

Topical B blocker erg timolol
Significant systemic absorption can occur
Usual cautions and CIs to B blockers should be observed

Question 7

What treatment can be used if a topical B blocker doesn’t reduce IOP sufficiently in chronic simple glaucoma?

Answer 7

Parasympathomimetics - pilocarpine
Selective a2 adrenoceptor agonists - brimonidine
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors - dorzolamide
Prostaglandin analogues - latanoprost

Question 8

What is antazoline?

Answer 8

Topical antihistamine

Tx for seasonal allergic conjunctivitis - hayfever

Question 9

What is a commonly used short-acting mydriatic?

Answer 9

Tropicamide
Aids fundoscopy
Dilates pupil - max within 15 mins
Effect wears off after 2h
Can precipitate acute (closed-angle) glaucoma in elderly, long-sighted patients

Question 10

What is atropine?

Answer 10

Long-acting mydriatic

Dilates pupil

Question 11

What is fluroescein used for?

Answer 11

Aid to ocular examination

Highlights ocular injury

Question 12

What causes a characteristic dendritic ulcer that can be visualised with fluorescein or rose bengal staining?

Answer 12

Herpes simplex keratitis
Inflammation of cornea due to infection
Pain
Photophobia
Impaired visual acuity, w localised corneal opacity

Question 13

Treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis?

Answer 13

Topical chloramphenicol

But swabs for culture before tx started in case of resistance

Question 14

What is Osler-Weber-Rendu disease?

Answer 14

Hereditary familial telangiectasia

Can give rise to severe and occasionally fatal haemorrhage

Question 15

What is a pyogenic granuloma?

Answer 15

Raised, smooth swellings
Arise most frequently on Little’s area
Can cause severe bleeding - epistaxis
Can mimic a neoplasm

Question 16

What forms the only complete cartilaginous ring within the respiratory passages?

Answer 16

Cricoid cartilage
Signet-ring-shaped
Forms foundation of larynx, giving articulation to thyroid and arytenoid cartilages

Question 17

Which is the only laryngeal muscle not supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

Answer 17

Cricothyroid

Supplied by external laryngeal nerve