Presentation of Kidney Disease Flashcards
how can a patient present
asymptomatic (common), loin pain or urinary symptoms, haematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, AKI, CKD, nephrotic or nephritic syndrome
what are functions of the kidney
excretion of waste (urea), fluid balance, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, vitamin d metabolism/phosphate excretion, produce erythropoietin, drug excretion, barrier to loss of protein
what can impaired excretion of waste (urea) cause
uraemia
-nausea, pericarditis, encephalopathy, neuropathy
what does impaired fluid balance cause
fluid retention (oedema) and polyuria
what does impaired electrolyte balance cause
hypokalaemia and arrhythmia
what does impaired acid-base balance cause
metabolic acidosis and Kussmaul’s respiration
what does impaired vitamin d metabolism/phosphate excretion cause
renal bone disease and valvular calcification
what does impaired erythropoietin production cause
anaemia
what drugs can cause drug toxicity if they kidneys can’t clear them properly
digoxin, gabapentin, opiates
what can happen if the barrier to protein loss doesn’t function
proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome
what antibiotics are important to ask about
gentamicin, trimethoprim, penicillins
what is accelerated hypertension
medical emergency
what is the boundary for accelerated hypertension
diastolic bp>120mmhg
what can accelerated hypertension cause
papilloedema and end organ decompensation
what is the best measure of kidney function
GFR
