Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Developmental Psychology > preschool years > Flashcards

preschool years Flashcards

1
Q

what ages are preschool years?

A

3-5 or 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does optimal growth rely on?

A

health and nutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

why do average height and weight vary between developed countries and developing countries?

A

poorer nutrition in developing countries and higher rates of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When is genetics a stronger predictor of growth?

A

in developed countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When is environmental factors a stronger prediction of growth and why?

A

in developing countries because environmental factors influence the expression of genes (lack of food and nutrition)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What percentage of children in developing countries don’t have adequate access to nutrition?

A

80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How can a lack of nutrition effect social and cognitive development in preschool years?

A

lack of energy, lack of exploration, difficulty sustaining attention - poor academic performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why do children in developed countries still lack nutrition?

A

fussy eaters, non-healthy options

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how much percentage of adult weight is the brain at 3 and 6 years old?

A

70% and 90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where is most brain development concentrated during preschool years?

A

Frontal lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what drives continued brain growth during preschool years?

A

myelination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does frontal lobe development support in preschool years?

A

emotion regulation and planning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what part of the brain does myelination focus on in preschool years?

A

corpus callosum, cerebellum, hippocampus, reticular formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Corpus callosum

A

connects left and right hemispheres of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

cerebellum

A

controls balance and motor movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

reticular formation

A

controls attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

hippocampus

A

Transfer of information to short and long-term memory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are leading causes of death in developing countries in early childhood?

A

disease and malnutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How often a year is considered normal for a child to be sick?

A

10 times per year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Leading cause of death in developed countries for preschool-age children?

A

accidental injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what put preschool children at risk of injury?

A

increase size and motor ability and need for autonomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Most common type of abuse or neglect in pre school children?

A

emotional abuse and neglect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

current statistics suggest that over ______ children receive child protective services each year

A

150 thousand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Risk factors for abuse?

A

child temperament, poverty or socioeconomic status, unemployment, single parent house hold ,blended families, step-parents or parents that experienced abuse as a child

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How does gross motor development improve in pre-school age?

A

Continue to develop and refine skills that emerge during toddlerhood, can walk up stairs unsupported, alternate feet up each stair, become more efficient in throwing and catching, more. proficient in dressing themselves, better balance and greater fine motor control like drawing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how do boys and girls differ in motor development in preschool years?

A

boys have more strength where as girls outperform boys in balance and coordination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are particularly important fine motor skills that develop over the pre-school years and why?

A

Drawing and painting. These are important because it allows children to develop fine motor control that later allows them to write letters and words.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

according to Piaget what stage of development are pre-schoolers in ?

A

2nd stage - pre-operational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What years are considered pre-operational?

A

2-7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

According to Piaget what can preschoolers do that toddlers cannot?

A

represent their word with symbols including language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

why is pretend play important?

A

practicing and strengthening newly acquired schemas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

According to Piaget, what are pre-schoolers unable to in the pre-operational stage do compared to later stages?

A

not yet capable of mental operations that obey logical rules

33
Q

What is conservation?

A

The mental ability to understand certain physical characteristics of objects remains the same even when outward appearance changes. (pouring milk from small glass to tall glass still same amount of milk)

34
Q

do children in the pre-operational stage know what conservation is?

A

no

35
Q

According to Piaget, what cognitive deficiencies/limitations cause children’s inability to conserve?

A

Centration (fixed on one aspect of the situation) and irreversibility (inability to go through a series of steps in a problem and then mentally reverse direction.

36
Q

classification

A

objects can be part of more than one group

37
Q

ego centrism

A

young children to confuse their own point of view with that of another person (think if they hide their face only in hide and seek you can’t see them)

38
Q

theory of mind

A

ability to take another persons perspective and understand their own thinking processes

39
Q

what are limitations of Piagets theory?

A

Development is more continuous and not as abrupt between stages

40
Q

what age do pre-schoolers show a basic understanding of theory of mind?

A

4 years old

41
Q

how does language develop in pre-school years?

A

Children understand and apply grammatical rules by simply hearing language in daily interactions (single plural forms, tense, word order, use of articles and prepositions)

42
Q

pragmatic awareness

A

What is acceptable or unacceptable language in their culture

43
Q

what age do children become good at looking at emotional pictures and explaining what that persons emotion is?

A

5 years old

44
Q

what kind of emotional regulation skills should pre-school age children have?

A

should be able to wait in line, be able to share, use manners, understand others emotions to an extent

45
Q

Why is level of emotional regulation important?

A

too little emotional regulation (under control) results in angry outbursts and overcontrol results in internalising feelings and can lead to anxiety or depression

46
Q

According to Erikson’s psychosocial theory, what is the crisis of pre-school age children that must be resolved for healthy personality development?

A

Initiative vs. guilt

47
Q

What acts are important to resolve the crisis of initiative vs. guilt in pre-school-age children?

A

Children should have opportunities to assert themselves, initiate activities and ideas and feel secure in their ability to make decisions.

48
Q

What happens if pre-school age children are criticised during Erikson’s psychosocial stage 3 (initiative vs. guilt)

A

the child will develop a sense of guilt.

49
Q

why is social modelling important during pre-school years?

A

children learn what is and is not acceptable through watching others behaviour, especially by seeing consequences

50
Q

What is the critical shaping factor in influencing children’s behaviour?

A

What happens after the behaviour.. is it rewarded or punished or left unchecked?

51
Q

antisocial behaviour

A

Negative actions directed at others which might cause physical or emotional harm.

52
Q

Instrumental agression

A

snatching or fighting over toys (object aggression)

53
Q

Hostile agression

A

Intent to specifically to harm a person (socially or physically)

54
Q

why is rough play helpful in childhood

A

Children can get to know their strengths and it can enforce rules and proper ways of behaving with other children

55
Q

what is the most influential factor shaping children’s development

A

Parenting

56
Q

What are the challenges for parents in individualistic cultures like Australia?

A

There are not hard and fast rules to abide by

57
Q

what is parenting in Australia heavily influenced by?

A

Personal upbringing

58
Q

parental responsiveness

A

being sensitive to children’s needs

59
Q

parental demandingness

A

how much do parents require of children (expectations)

60
Q

What parenting style is high in demandingness and high in responsiveness?

A

Authoritative parenting.

61
Q

authoritative parenting

A

High in demandingness and high in responsiveness. Firm but consistent and have age-appropriate behaviour controls, responsive and respectful and allow children to participate in rule-making and involve them in discussion for compromise. Lovingly enforce rules.

62
Q

authoritarian parenting

A

Low in responsiveness, high in demandingness. High demands in behaviour toward rules but low responsiveness and sensitivity.

63
Q

permissive parenting

A

High responsiveness but low demandingness. Makes it hard for child because they don’t have clear boundaires

64
Q

rejecting/neglectful (disengaged) parenting

A

Low in demandingness and low in responsiveness.

65
Q

Outcomes of authoritative parenting

A

independent, creative, self-assured and socially skilled

66
Q

outcomes of authoritarian parenting

A

dependent, passive and conforming

67
Q

outcomes of permissive parenting

A

irresponsible, conforming, immature

68
Q

outcomes of disengaged parenting

A

impulsive, behaviour problems, early sex and drugs

69
Q

what parenting style results in the most desired outcomes ?

A

authoritative

70
Q

What is pre-school important for?

A

social and emotional development before entering school at age 5

71
Q

what function is self-regulation important for?

A

executive functioning

72
Q

emotional regulation

A

multiple executive function skills working together to calm us down

73
Q

what is the importance of play in the early years?

A

helps children learn skills and social rules for adulthood

74
Q

what was the importance of play from Piaget’s perspective

A

children’s way of practicing and strengthening schemas

75
Q

sociodramatic play

A

make-believe play with others

76
Q

why is sociodramatic play important

A

ability to regulate emotions, resolve conflict, see from others perspective. overall good for learning social skills

77
Q
A
78
Q

What marks the beginning of representational thought? When children begin to ____

A

Developmental Psychology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions