middle childhood Flashcards
1
Q
what happens to children’s teeth during ages 6-12
A
children lose all primary teeth
2
Q
myopia
A
nearsighted
3
Q
what can cause myopia in middle childhood
A
spending less time outside and more time looking at screens - or partly genetic
4
Q
girls have more muscle mass than boys during childhood ‘true or false’
A
false
5
Q
what accelerates reaction time in middle childhood for both gross motor and fine motor tasks
A
Increasing myelination of the corpus callosum connecting the two hemispheres of the brain
6
Q
what is the recommended amount of PA for children aged 5-12
A
60 minutes
7
Q
executive functioning
A
the ability to solve cognitive problems without becoming distracted and to adjust one’s strategy as the nature of a problem changes
8
Q
physical activity has been shown to improve what cognitive function?
A
executive functioning
9
Q
what age does fine motor abilities almost reach adult maturity
A
8 or 9
10
Q
gross motor development continues to develop through to _____
A
adulthood
11
Q
girls and boys are more likely to be slim during ________ than any other time
A
middle childhood
12
Q
why can children run longer and faster in middle childhood?
A
extra lung capacity
13
Q
the ability to solve cognitive problems without becoming distracted and to adjust one’s strategy as the nature of a problem changes
A
The ability to solve cognitive problems without becoming distracted and to adjust one’s strategy as the nature of a problem changes
14
Q
by the time Shawna has reached the end of middle childhood, what abilities are close to adult maturity?
A
fine motor skills
15
Q
what age does malnutrition result in permanent cognitive or behavioural deficits?
A
Before age 3 - after age 3, malnutrition does not result in permanent effects.
16
Q
What kind of nutritional problem is prevalent in developed countries?
A
obesity
17
Q
what is used to calculate weight status in children?
A
body mass index (BMI)
18
Q
what are the current rates of obesity in Australian children like?
A
stable
19
Q
what are two contributors to obesity in children?
A
diet and screen media
20
Q
what is BMI of an overweight child
A
exceeding 18
21
Q
what is the BMI of an obese child
A
exceeding 21
22
Q
what percentage of obese children remain overweight as adults
A
80%
23
Q
Explain why rates of illness and injury are relatively low in middle childhood
A
In developed countries, most children have been vaccinated, in developing countries, rates of vaccination are climbing. Children also have stronger immune systems. In developed countries, even rates of minor illnesses have declined in middle childhood in recent decades due to public health policies. Over time, food production has become cleaner and safer, and food content more closely regulated by government agencies. The air and water have become cleaner in developed countries due to laws and restrictions by governments.
24
Q
asthma
A
a chronic illness of the lungs characterised by wheezing, coughing and shortness of breath.
25
why have rates of asthma risen in middle childhood
Why are rates of asthma higher now than in the past? The answer appears to be different for developed countries than for developing ones. In developed countries, common features of today’s family households contribute to asthma, including carpets, hairy pets and airtight windows (Tamay et al., 20071638; WHO, 2017e1639). There is also a ‘hygiene hypothesis’ suggesting that high standards of cleanliness and sanitation expose children to fewer viruses and bacteria, and consequently they have fewer illnesses in their early years that would strengthen their immune systems and make them less susceptible to asthma (Lautenbacher & Perzanowski, 20171640). In developing countries, air pollution has become worse as a result of increased industrialisation, and air pollution can trigger asthma. One study in Mongolia compared people in rural and urban areas and found substantially higher rates of asthma in urban areas, due mainly to poorer air quality (Vinanen et al., 20071641).
26
what are the most common causes of injury in middle childhood?
car accidents, drowning and burns
27
what is the current understanding of how genetics influences obesity
genetics can't explain recent rises in obesity, rather it only provides a risk.
28
What gender is more likely to develop asthma in middlechildhood
males - cause unclear
29
Identify the changes in physical and sensory development that take place during middle childhood.
In middle childhood, physical growth continues at a slow but steady pace—about 5–8 cm per year in height and about 2.5–3 kg per year in weight. Children lose all 20 primary teeth and their permanent teeth begin to grow in. Ear health improves, but one-quarter of children become nearsighted during middle childhood.
30
Explain how motor development advances in middle childhood and how these advancements are related to new skills and participation in games and sports.
Children’s gross motor skills improve in middle childhood due to improved balance, increased strength, better coordination, greater agility and faster reaction time. As their gross motor development advances, children improve their performance in a wide range of games and sports, and many of them participate in organised sport. Fine motor development reaches nearly an adult level at this age, and across cultures, advances are especially evident in two areas: drawing and writing.
31
Describe the negative effects of both malnutrition and obesity on development and identify the causes of obesity.
Studies have shown that better nourished children are more energetic, less anxious, show more positive emotion and score higher than malnourished children on a wide range of cognitive measures in middle childhood. Across countries, rates of overweight and obesity are highest in the most affluent regions and lowest in the poorest regions. Obesity is a cultural phenomenon, and a variety of social and cultural changes have contributed to this problem, including diets with more fast food and high rates of television viewing. Genetics also make a contribution. Socially, being obese increases the likelihood that a child will be excluded and the object of ridicule by peers. Physically, obesity can result in diabetes in middle childhood, which eventually can lead to problems such as blindness, kidney failure and stroke.
32
according to Piaget what is the stage for years 7-11
concrete operational
33
seriation
ability to arrange things in a logical order
34
what can children using concrete operations do?
Children using concrete operations can place objects in order based on their properties
35
classification
ability to place objects into categories via mental operations
36
conservation
Ability to understand that changing the shape of an object does not change its amount, volume or mass
37
Describe how attention and memory change from early childhood to middle childhood
Due to increased myelination in the brain, especially of the corpus callosum connecting the two hemispheres, speed of processing information increases. Consequently, the amount of time required to perform various tasks decreases during middle childhood. Advances are also made in the three key areas of information processing: attention, memory and executive function.
38
identify the characteristics of children who have ADHD.
inattention, hyperactivity and impulsiveness. Children with ADHD have difficulty following instructions and waiting their turn.
39
selective attention
In middle childhood, children become more capable of focusing their attention on relevant information and disregarding what is irrelevant
40
mnemonics
memory strategies, such as rehearsal, organisation and elaboratio
41
Organisation
placing things into meaningful categories.
42
elaboration
transforming bits of information in a way that connects them
43
what changes for memory in middle childhood.
the capacity of working memory enlarges and children start to use mnemonics to remember things.
44
what is the reason that memory improves from early childhood to middlechildhood?
knowledge base expands
45
Middle childhood is a time of advances not only in memory abilities, but also in understanding how memory works. This is called ______________
metamemory
46
The most widely used intelligence tests
the Wechsler scales,
47
people are considered gifted when they have an IQ above ____
130
48
people are considered intellectually disabled when they have an IQ below ____
70
49
Flynn effect
IQ score in Western countries rose dramatically in the course of the 20th century - noticed by James Flynn
50
What explains the Flynn effect?
changes in the environment. more schooling, more prenatal care, smaller families
51
why is IQ lower where disease rates are higher
because infectious diseases fight for the bodies energy which the brain needs to function optimally
52
Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences
8 types of intelligence. linguistic and logical–mathematical, spatial (the ability to think three-dimensionally); musical; bodily–kinaesthetic (the kind that athletes and dancers excel in); naturalist (ability to understand natural phenomena); interpersonal (ability to understand and interact with others); and intrapersonal (self-understanding).
53
Sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence
includes three distinct but related forms of intelligence. Analytical intelligence is Sternberg’s term for the kind of intelligence that IQ tests measure, which involves acquiring, storing, analysing and retrieving information. Creative intelligence involves the ability to combine information in original ways to produce new insights, ideas and problem-solving strategies. Practical intelligence is the ability to apply information to the kinds of problems faced in everyday life, including the capacity to evaluate social situations.
54
Maurice is 8 years old and is shown two round bits of clay. Once the shape has been changed Maurice is asked which one is bigger. Maurice says _____
They are both the same size. Because by age 8 children understand the principle of conservation
55
Maria is 9 and is capable of concrete operational though. like most 9 year olds Maria should be able to _______
be able to organise and manipulate information mentally.
56
ADHD is higher in ______
rates among boys are higher than girls
57
Bother Gardener and Sternberg's theory of intelligence propose ________
There are multiple components of intelligence
58
pragmatics
The social context and conventions of language
59
Children who are bilingual _______
take longer to master a second language
60
what is the most common second language ?
English
61
How does children's vocabulary change over time?
once children enter school around age 11 - their vocabulary goes from 10,000 words to 40,000 words.
62
Describe how reading and maths skills develop from early childhood to middle childhood
63
phonics approach to reading
advocates teaching children by breaking down words into their component sounds, called phonics, then putting the phonics together into words
64
whole-language approach to reading
In this view, the emphasis should be on the meaning of written language in whole passages,
65
dyscalculia for maths
neurologically based difficulty in numerical processing
66
what best describes the history of education in New Zeland
prior to 1877 school was not compulsory or free
67
what reflects collectivist cultural beliefs in Asian schools
children are required to help with the cleanliness and order or the school
68
research on reading and maths skills has shown that ______
children who have trouble learning to read may have trouble learning math skills
69
what learning approach to reading is best?
phonics approach
70
Explain the major cognitive advances that occur during Piaget’s concrete operations stage.
Cognitive advances during this stage include the ability to understand conservation, improved classification skills and the understanding of seriation.
71
limits of IQ test
IQ tests assess only a narrow range of abilities and miss some of the most important aspects of intelligence, such as creativity.
72
Identify the advances in vocabulary, grammar and pragmatics during middle childhood.
Language development continues apace with massive additions to children’s vocabularies once they learn to read. There is a fourfold increase in children’s vocabularies between the ages of 6 and 10 or 11, and the grammar of children’s language use becomes more complex. Their understanding of pragmatics also grows substantially during middle childhood, which can be seen vividly in children’s use and appreciation of humour.
73
Explain the consequences for cognitive development of growing up multilingual.
Becoming multilingual is beneficial, most notably in the development of metalinguistic knowledge. The difficulty of learning a second language increases with age.
74
Experience Sampling Method (ESM)
people are beeped at random points during the day and they record how they are feeling at that time.
75
what are emotions like during middle childhood
stable and content
76
why does emotional regulation improve as children get older
environment requires it
77
ambivalence
experiencing two contradictory emotions at once
78
what is showing 'face' in Asia
showing to others the appropriate and expected emotion regardless of how you actually feel
79
co-regulation
a child makes her bed without being asked because she knows her parents expect the house stay clean
80
in middle childhood _______ is the main reason for ending friendships
violating trust
81
Describe the main features of emotional self-regulation and understanding in middle childhood and how other life stages compare.
Emotionally, middle childhood is generally a time of exceptional stability and contentment as emotional self-regulation becomes firmly established and emotional understanding advances. Increased involvement in contexts outside the family, such as school and sport teams, requires higher levels of emotional self-regulation.
82
Explain how different ways of thinking about the self are rooted in cultural beliefs and summarise how self-concept and self-esteem change in middle childhood.
Children’s self-understanding becomes more complex in middle childhood and they engage in more social comparison once they enter school. Their overall self-concepts are based on their self-concepts in specific areas that are important to them, which for most children includes physical appearance. In discussing cultural differences in conceptions of the self, scholars typically distinguish between the independent self promoted by individualistic cultures and the interdependent self promoted by collectivistic cultures. High self-esteem is encouraged in individualistic cultures but discouraged in collectivistic cultures.
83
Describe how beliefs and behaviour regarding gender change in middle childhood, including cultural variations
Children’s tasks and play become more gender-segregated in middle childhood and their views of gender roles become more sharply defined. In traditional cultures, boys and girls do separate kinds of work in middle childhood, but playing in gender-specific groups takes place across cultures.
84
Explain the distinctive features of family relations in middle childhood and describe the consequences of parental divorce and remarriage.
Children become more independent during middle childhood as they and their parents move towards co-regulation rather than parental dominance and control. Conflict with siblings peaks at this age. Divorce has become increasingly common in developed countries, and children (especially boys) respond negatively to divorce, particularly when it includes high conflict between parents. Parents’ remarriage is also experienced negatively in middle childhood, even though it often improves the family’s economic situation.
85
Explain the main basis of friendships in middle childhood and describe the four categories of peer social status and the dynamics between bullies and victims.
Similarity is important as the basis of friendship in middle childhood, as it is at other ages. Trust also becomes important in middle childhood friendships. Children’s play becomes more complex and rule-based in this stage. Popularity and unpopularity become prominent in peer relations once children develop the capacity for seriation and spend a considerable part of their day in age-graded schools. Rejected children have the greatest problems in peer relations and the poorest long-term prospects for social development, mainly due to their aggressiveness. Bullying is a worldwide problem in middle childhood peer relations.
86
Describe the kinds of work children do in middle childhood and explain why work patterns differ between developed and developing countries.
About 73 million children in developing countries perform paid work by the time they reach middle childhood in a wide variety of jobs ranging from agricultural work to factory work. Children in developing countries work more than children in developed countries in middle childhood because their contribution to the family income is needed.
87
Summarise the rates of daily screen media among children worldwide and describe the positive and negative effects of media, especially the hazards related to violence.
Children’s media use stays about the same from early childhood to middle childhood, except for a rise in time playing electronic games. A causal link between media violence and aggression in middle childhood has been established through field studies, longitudinal studies and natural experiments. Prosocial television content promotes qualities such as altruism and self-control.
