Preschool Language Development Flashcards
1
Q
How many parts of speech are there?
A
8; Noun, adjective, verb, conjunction, preposition, article, interjection, adverb
2
Q
What is the function of parts of speech?
A
Indicate how the word functions in meaning and grammatically within the sentence
3
Q
Can an individual word function as more than one part of speech?
A
Yes, especially in different circumstances
4
Q
What is a Noun?
A
Name of person, place, thing or idea
5
Q
What is a Pronoun?
A
Replaces a noun or noun phrase to avoid repetition
6
Q
What is an Adjective?
A
Describes, modifies or gives more information about a noun or pronoun
7
Q
What is a Verb?
A
Shows an action or state of being
8
Q
What is an Adverb?
A
Modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb. (How often, where, when)
9
Q
What is a Preposition?
A
Shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word
10
Q
What is a Conjunction?
A
Joins 2 words, ideas, phrases together and shows how they are connected
11
Q
What is an Interjection?
A
A word or phrase that expresses a strong emotion; Strong exclamation
12
Q
What is the most common word order in English?
A
SVO
13
Q
Which goes first in a sentence, place or time?
A
Place: I go to the market every day.
14
Q
What are some examples of adverbs of frequency?
A
Always, never, sometimes, often, rarely
15
Q
Which goes first, adverbs of frequency or verb?
A
Adverbs of frequency: She often dyes her hair.
16
Q
What are the 4 sentence types?
A
- Declarative: a statement
- Exclamatory: an exclamation
- Interrogative: a question
- Imperative: a command or request
17
Q
What are the 4 sentence structures?
A
- Simple sentence
- Compound sentence
- Complex sentence
- Compound-complex sentence
18
Q
How is the structure of a simple sentence?
A
1 independent clause
19
Q
How is the structure of a compound sentence?
A
2 or more independent claus(es) joined by a coordinating conjunction
20
Q
How is the structure of a complex sentence?
A
1 independent clause and 1 or more dependent claus(es)
21
Q
How is the structure of a compound-complex sentence?
A
2 or more independent clauses and 1 or more dependent claus(es)
22
Q
What is lexical semantics?
A
Meaning of words and sentences
23
Q
What is relational semantics?
A
Word relationship: combining words to express and understand meaning
24
Q
What are the 4 features of relational semantics?
A
- Categories
- Shades of meaning
- Synonyms and antonyms
- Figurative language
25
What does Figurative language encompass?
Similes, metaphors, idioms, proverbs
26
When does Figurative language development emerge?
From 5+ years
27
What are the 3 tiers of vocabulary?
Tier 1: Basic conversational words; sight, function, object names
Tier 2: High-utility academic vocabulary found in many content texts, cross-curricular texts, useful in a variety of topics, used to understand text
Tier 3: Domain-specific academic vocabulary and rare words, technical vocabulary
28
What type of words predominate initial lexicons?
Nouns
29
Why do nouns predominate initial lexicons?
- Fewer morphological adaptations than verbs (child hears root word more and learns them quicker)
- more frequent in toy play and maternal utterances
30
Why don't verbs predominate in initial lexicons?
- challenging to learn because it is momentary
| - more frequent in social play and conversations
31
Describe the differences in word order across culture.
- American mothers: nouns > verbs (object-naming games)
- Turkish mothers: nouns in last position of word order (higher prominence)
- Mandarin and Nigerian caregivers: verbs > nouns
- Korean mothers: balance between nouns and verbs
- Japanese children: require grammatical and pragmatic support when learning verbs
- English-speaking children: only grammatical support required
- Japanese mothers decrease noun dominance in toy play when children begin combining words
32
What are the 2 types of vocabulary development?
1. Fast mapping: quickly establishing meaning of word upon initial contact
2. Slow mapping: development of deeper understanding of word meaning over time (multiple exposure to word in different contexts)
33
What are the 2 types of vocabulary?
1. Oral: Words children recognise or use in listening or speaking
2. Reading: Words children recognise or use in reading and writing
34
What does pragmatics refer to?
Language in context
35
What does pragmatics encompass?
Verbal and non-verbal comm
36
What are the purposes for communication?
- social exchange
- expressing emotions
- regulating others
- interacting with others
37
What is pragmatics influenced by?
Culture
38
What is one example of a product of pragmatics?
Humour
39
What is important in pragmatics?
Social thinking and communication (ToM: perspective taking)
40
What are the different stages of development?
1. Infant: 0-1y
2. Toddler: 1-3y
3. Early preschooler: 3-4y
4. Late preschooler: 5-6y
41
What are the 3 communication subdomains for Use (Pragmatics) in Infants-Toddlers?
1. Early Pragmatics
2. Later pragmatics
3. Early discourse
42
What are the main milestones for Early Pragmatics?
Development of Prelingusitic skills
(caregiver assigns meaning to movements and sounds of infant)
2m: follows gaze
3m: shifts gaze and follows pointing
6-12m: learns communicative intent
12m: engages in turn-taking games, points, expects responses, tries again when not understood
43
What are the main milestones for Later Pragmatics?
>12m: uses gestures and vocalisations to request, refuse, comment, demand, acknowledge responses
15-18m: use gestures to direct attention to self, control other's behaviours, direct attention to another action/object/person to share experiences
44
What are the main milestones for Early Discourse?
18m: introduced to socially-polite terms
| Use of eye contact to acknowledge person
45
What are the 2 communication subdomains for Content (semantics) in Infants-Toddlers?
1. Early Vocabulary Learning
| 2. Early Word Combinations
46
What are the main milestones for Early Vocabulary Learning?
12m: understands familiar object names, responds to simple requests
12m: first spoken word
18: 50w milestone
24m: 200w (50 verbs) + descriptors, modifiers (adjectives)
30m: 400w; uses 'because', 'so'
>30m: refers to emotions in expressive language
47
What are the main milestones for Early Word Combinations?
12-26m: Brown's Stage I (MLU= 1.0-2.0)
48
What is the communication subdomain for Form in Infants-Toddlers?
Morphosyntax
49
What are the main milestones for Morphosyntax?
27-30m: Brown's Stage II (MLU= 2.0-2.5)
Emerging morphemes include -ing, -s
31-34m: Brown's Stage III (MLU= 2.5-3.0)
Emerging morphemes include possessive -s and irregular past tense verbs
50
Describe Brown's stages of syntactic development for infants-toddlers.
Stage I: Linear semantic rules
Stage II: Morphological development
Stage III: Sentence-form development
51
Describe Brown's stages of sentence development for infants-toddlers.
```
Early I (MLU: 1.0-1.5; 12-22m) and Late I (MLU: 1.5-2.0; 22-26m) : 2-words utterances emerge
Early II (MLU: 2.0-2.25; 27-28m) and Late II (MLU: 2.25-2.5; 28-30m) : Uses possessive "s", pronouns, negatives, raises intonation for a question
Early III (MLU: 2.5-2.75; 31-32m) and Late III (MLU: 2.75-3.0; 33-34m) : Overgeneralises past tense; uses present tense auxiliaries
```
52
Describe the milestones for pronoun acquisiton.
12-26m: I, it
27-30m: My, mine, me, you
31-34m: Your, she, he, yours, we
35-40m: They, us, hers, his, them, her
41-46m: Its, our, him, myself, yourself, ours, their, theirs
47 plus Herself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
53
When is a pronoun considered to be mastered?
When a child uses it correctly 80% of the time, during spontaneous speech
54
Compare SG Pro-Ed and Owens at 1.5-2y.
MLU (Owens): 1.0-2.0 (12-26m) VS MLU (SG Pro-ed): 1.8
Similarities: Both have emerging 2w combination and children follows directions using 1 or 2 spatial concepts
Difference: Possessive emerging in Owens, Uses particles in SG Pro-ed
55
What is the communication subdomain for Form in Toddlers?
Morphosyntax
56
What are the main milestones in Morphosyntax?
Starts to produce 2-3w utterances
Emergence of rules of language (Action + Object)
Allows child to be understood and understand what is said
57
Compare SG Pro-Ed and Owens at 2-2.5y.
MLU (Owens): 1.5-2.5 (22-30m) VS MLU (SG Pro-ed): 3.1
Similarities:
- Correct use of on/in
- Asking simple qns
- Uses at least 3w sentences (SVO)
Difference:
- Use of articles in SG: 24-30m VS Owens: 40-46m
- Use of auxiliary verbs in SG: 24-30m VS Owens: 31-34m
- Use of negations in SG: 18-24m VS Owens: 22-30m
58
What are the communication sub-domains for Use (Pragmatics) in Early Pre-schoolers?
1. Early Discourse
| 2. Later Discourse
59
What are the main milestones in Early Discourse?
- Participate in back and forth verbal exchanges
- Initiating conversations
- Turn taking
- Maintaining conversations
- Repairing misunderstandings / convo breakdown
- Shifts topics
- Code switching
Develops continuously as child develops vocab and morphosyntactic skills
60
What are the main milestones in Later Discourse?
- Participate in social activities
- Engage with others in groups for early academic tasks
- Co-operate with groups
- Resolve differences in opinions
- Uses polite forms of request
- Offer different ideas in socially acceptable ways
- Respond to feedback
- Narrate a sequence of events
Emerging understand of ToM
61
What is the communication sub-domain for Content (Semantics) in Early Pre-schoolers?
Early Vocabulary Learning
62
What are the main milestones in Early Vocabulary Learning?
- Adds 5-9w/day
- Receptive vocab: 14000 by age 6
- Expressive vocab: includes pronouns, prepositions, descriptors, personal relationships
- Emerging narratives with event sequences
63
What is the communication sub-domain for Form in Early Pre-schoolers?
Morphosyntax
64
What are the main milestones in Morphosyntax?
35-40m: Brown's Stage IV (MLU= 3.0-3.25)
41-46m: Brown's Stage V (MLU= 3.75-4.5)
Starts to embed clauses in one sentence
65
Describe Brown's stages of syntactic development for pre-schoolers.
Stage IV: Embedding of sentence elements
| Stages V and V+: Joining of clauses
66
Describe Brown's stages of sentence development for pre-schoolers.
```
Early IV (MLU: 3.0-3.5; 35-37m) and Late IV (MLU: 3.5-3.75; 38-40m) : Joins clauses together with "and"; Negatives appear with verbs
Stage V (MLU: 3.75-4.5; 41-46m): Uses "if"; adds couldn't, wouldn't, shouldn't
Post V (MLU: 4.5+; 47+m) : Complex sentences with embedded clauses
```
67
Compare SG Pro-Ed and Owens at 3-3.5y.
MLU (Owens): 3.0-3.5 (35-37m), 3.5-3.75 (38-40m), 3.75-4.5 (41-46m) VS MLU (SG Pro-ed): 4.3
Similarities:
- Uses contracted forms
- Uses "and" as conjunction
Difference:
- Uses his/her/my in possessive (Pro-ed)
- Uses compound sentences with and/and then/ and then hor (Pro-ed)
- Uses "and" as conjunction (Pro-ed) VS Uses "if: as cojunction at 41-46m (Owens)
- Owens more comprehensive in syntax/morphology compared to pro-ed
68
Compare SG Pro-Ed and Owens at 3.5-4y.
MLU (Owens): 3.75-4.5+ VS MLU (SG Pro-ed): 4.4
Similarities:
- Starts to use negatives
(Owens: wasn't, shouldn't, wouldn't, I am not; Pro-ed: Don't know, don't have, no milk)
- Owens: starts to use indirect objects WHILE Pro-ed: don't know, don't have, no milk
- Owens: causal conjoining with "because" appears with "when" WHILE Pro-ed: conjunction "because" emerging
Difference:
- Owens: 3 clause declaratives appear VS Pro-ed: 4-5w in a sentence
- Owens: ask adult-like tag qns VS Pro-ed: asks how and why questions, looking for detailed explanations
- Owens: focus on sentence structure and parts of speech VS Pro-ed: includes play habits and phonetics accuracy
- Owens: focus on child's ability to ask questions VS Pro-ed: child's ability to comprehend questions
- Owens: Infinitive phrases with same subject as main verb VS Pro-ed: More adverbs of time and manner used
69
Compare SG Pro-Ed and Owens at 4-4.5y.
MLU (Owens): 4.5+ VS MLU (SG Pro-ed): 4.6
Similarities:
- Both charts mention joining of words in sentences
- Number of words used in sentence is in a similar range
- Owens: Embedding and conjoining appear within same sentence for MLU > 5.0 WHILE Pro-ed: Combines 4-7w in sentences
Difference:
- Owens: Adds indefinite forms of pronouns but has difficulty with double negatives VS Pro-ed: "Ours", "they" and "theirs" are used consistently
- Owens: Other than one-word why questions appear VS Pro-ed: Beginning to use "is" at beginning of sentences
- Pro-ed: Gender difference correct when drawn to attention
- Owens: Gerunds appear VS Pro-ed: Children use verb BE sometimes - usually in SSE usually, except for when in the phrase "This is"
- Owens: Clausal conjoining with 'because' appears with 'when', 'but', 'so'
- Pro-ed: Uses nominaliser "one"
70
Compare SG Pro-Ed and Owens at 4.5-5y.
MLU (Owens): 4.5+ VS MLU (SG Pro-ed): 5.7
Similarities:
- Able to combine words into a sentence (with conjoining)
- Gerunds appear
Difference:
- Pro-ed: Possessive pronouns "his/her"
- Pro-ed: Auxiliary verb alongside some past tense
- Pro-ed: Comparative
- Pro-ed: Singular/plural
- Owens: no specific age group, acquisition maybe too broad or limited compared to Pro-ed
71
How many % of total particle usage in SCE is made up of "lah" and "ah"?
94%
72
What are some examples of Cantonese particles?
"Hor" and "leh"
73
What are the communication sub-domains for Use (Pragmatics) in Late Pre-schoolers?
1. Early Discourse
| 2. Later Discourse
74
What are the Main milestones in Early Discourse?
- Increased turns in convo
- Shifts topics
- Repairs convo breakdowns
- Emerging understanding of ToM
75
What are the Main milestones in Later Discourse?
- Jokes and Teases
- Modify prosody
- Emerging narratives with event sequences
- Story re-tell from wordless picture books
76
What is the communication sub-domain for Content (Semantics) in Late Pre-schoolers?
Later Vocabulary Learning
77
What are the main milestones in Later Vocabulary Learning?
```
Vocabulary development continues throughout adulthood
- free and bound morphemes
- abstract language
- r/s btw vocab words
- academic vocab
Receptive vocab: 14000 by age 6
```
78
What is the Communication subdomain for Form in Late-preschoolers?
Morphosyntax
79
What are the main milestones in Morphosyntax?
Starts to embed clauses in 1 sentence
80
Compare SG Pro-Ed and Owens at 5-6y.
MLU (Owens) 4.5+ VS MLU (Pro-ed): 6.6
Differences:
- Owens: Standard English VS Pro-ed: Differentiates SCE and SSE
- Pro-ed: All pronouns used consistently
- Pro-ed: Superlatives used
- Pro-ed: Adverbial word endings emerging
81
Compare SG Pro-Ed and Owens at 6-7y.
MLU (Pro-ed): above 6.6
Similarities:
- Other than one-word why questions appear (Owens)
- Second emergence of question state (why) (Pro-ed)
Difference:
- Pro-ed: Understands difference between past and present tense
- Pro-ed: Use of auxiliary verbs
- Pro-ed: Writes simple words related to sight vocabulary
82
What are the possible consequences of not meeting these milestones?
Insufficient vocabulary skills and unclear speech
- Less willing to talk > Harder to befriend and socialise
- Write fixed/patterned compo, incoherent paragraphs
- Inflexibility in response
- Unable to understand abstract language
- Bullying and teasing
- Social, emotional, academic and mental health difficulties
