Pre-Verbal Communication Flashcards
1
Q
What are the main Pre-linguistic skills observed in children?
A
- Joint reference
- Joint attention
- Joint action
- Turn taking
- Imitation
- Representational competence
- Causality
- Play
2
Q
What are the cognitive skills observed in children?
A
- Working memory
- Memory
3
Q
What does Joint Reference refer to?
A
2 communication partners share a common focus on an object/entity
4
Q
What are the phases of Joint Reference?
A
- Early referencing
- Phase 1
- Phase 2
- Phase 3
- Phase 4
5
Q
What does Early Referencing encompass?
A
- Indicating (get attention, attain eye contact then reaching gesture)
- Deixis (spatial, temporal & interpersonal features)
- Naming
6
Q
What does Phase 1 encompass?
A
Mastery of joint referencing
- Maintaining eye contact
- Looking at objects/events in tandem with mum
7
Q
When does Phase 1 occur?
A
Within the first 6 months of life
- 4to6w: Objects in field of vision
- 8w: Mother’s movements visually
- 4m: Mother’s line of pointing
8
Q
What does Phase 2 encompass?
A
Intentional Communication
- Reaching gesture, ftf contact reduces
9
Q
When does Phase 2 occur?
A
8m: Looks at mum while reaching
10
Q
What does Phase 3 encompass?
A
- Pointing and vocalising
pointing separated from intention to obtain object
11
Q
What does Phase 4 encompass?
A
- Mastery of naming and vocalisation
- Increasing exchanges with mother
- Child looks, points and verbalises
12
Q
What type of parents will have difficulty relating to their children?
A
Parents of children with congenital blindness or children who avoid eye contact, e.g. ASD
13
Q
When does mastery of joint attention commence from?
A
Birth
14
Q
What is Joint attenton?
A
2 people focus on an object or event for the purpose of interacting with each other
15
Q
What type of form of behaviour is Joint attention?
A
Early social and communicative behaviour
16
Q
How does a child show mastery of joint attention?
A
Looks at objects/events in tandem with mother and maintains eye contact
17
Q
What does the development of joint attention have correlation with?
A
Cognitive development (Mundy et. al, 2007)
18
Q
Why is joint attention important?
A
Learning and precursor of focusing on a topic together in a conversation
19
Q
How are routine activities an example of Joint action?
A
They allow a child to encounter rules within pleasurable experience
20
Q
What does a child learn during Joint action?
A
Turn taking and conversational skills
21
Q
What is the focus of play in the first 6 months of life?
A
Social: X specific game rules, spontaneous, occurs frequently during routines
22
Q
What increases during the second 6 months of life?
A
Object play and mother with child participate in a ritualised give and take of objects as infant possession time
23
Q
Why is turn taking essential in communication development?
A
Development of later conversational skills
24
Q
What are some games that incorporate turn taking?
A
Tickling, lifting and bouncing (pause for responses like gaze, facial expression, body movement, vocalisation)
25
Why is imitation important?
Learning strategy to develop language
26
Is early physical imitation a pre-requisite to speech?
No, but it has correlations
27
What does Imitation encompass?
1. Attending to action
2. Turn taking
3. Replicating action's salient features
28
When does Imitation commence?
9-10m
29
What type of imitation is a pre-requisite to speech?
Facial and vocal imitation
30
What is selective imitation?
Whole or partial imitation of another speakker
31
What can a child imitate?
Actions and gestures
32
When does Imitation typically occur?
During daily routines that are predictable and repetitious
33
What is Representational Competence?
Ability to extract commonalities from experiences and represent them abstractly and symbolically
34
How can Representational Competence be observed in a child?
- Anticipation of future events
- Object Permanence
- Symbolic play
(require infant to represent things and locations not immediately available to senses)
35
What is symbolic play?
Using an object for other than its intended purpose
36
When can object permanence be seen?
When an infant searches for a missing object (knowing object exists though not readily visible = representations organised and stored in brain)
37
What is Causality a pre-requisite for?
Communication and language
38
What does causality encompass?
- Understands that they can be source of action, vehicle of change
- Solves problems by representing them internally (symbolic function of language)
39
When does Causality in social behaviour develop?
Before 1st birthday
40
When does Causality with objects develop?
Late in Piaget's Stage 4 Sensori-motor development
41
When does the correlation between play and language begin?
10-13m
42
Why is symbolic play important?
Child uses one object to represent another -> Similar to words having similar represent referents
43
When does Symbolic play occur?
Middle of second year of life
44
What do Speech Acts refer to?
Moments in which statements occur in the comm act within given context
45
What function do Utterances serve?
A single interactional unit
46
What is typical of Primitive Speech Acts?
Frequently lack words, depends on gestures to convey intent
47
What are Primitive Speech Acts?
Patterns in child's vocalisations/gestures to express intentions
48
What are primitive speech acts precursors to?
Adultlike speech acts
49
Up to which age are children's speech act unifunctional?
2y
50
What are the types of Primitive Speech acts?
1. Requesting action (hand object)
2. Protesting/rejecting (cry/push)
3. Requesting an answer (point/gesture)
4. Labeling (point/gesture)
5. Answering (nod/gesture)
6. Greeting (wave)
7. Repeating/Practicing (imitate/copy)
8. Attention seeking to self (tug)
9. Transferring (give toy)
10. Informing (point)
11. Attention seeking to events, object or people (point)
12. Requesting objects (imperative pointing)
51
When is an infant at the pre-intentional communication stage?
Birth to 6m
52
What is the theory of pre-intentional communication?
Children who have yet to reach Piaget's sensori-motor stage 4 (obtaining desired environmental event, object-related schemes, development of visual pursuit, permanence of objects)
53
What must communicative partners do for their infants in the pre-intentional communication?
Identify and respond to facial expressions, body movements and attach meaning and respond as if they were communicative signals
54
What are the 4 crucial meanings?
1. like
2. dislike
3. want
4. reject
55
What are the stages of pre-intentional communication?
1. Reflexive level
2. Reactive level
3. Proactive level
56
How is the communicative behaviour of the child at the reflexive level?
- small range of early behaviours, sound and reflexes to inputs from all available sensory channels
- responds to limited range of stimuli
- orients to events controlled by comm partner
- cries
57
How is the communicative function of the child at the reflexive level?
crying = general pain, discomfort or need (x cause of problem)
58
How is the communicative partner of the child at the reflexive level?
- responds instinctively to behaviours and relationship
| - infers
59
How is the communicative behaviour of the child at the reactive level?
- reactive behaviours in response to wide range of stimuli
- stimuli include events, people within environment
- turn taking with vocalisation, movement of head, body and hands
- responds to some familiar, non-verbal comm by comm partner
60
How is the communicative function of the child at the reactive level?
- contingency interactions
- awareness of goal
- undifferentiated behaviour to initiate or continue a stimulus, anticipates event, vocalises for attention
61
How is the communicative partner of the child at the reactive level?
- concentrates on caregiving activity and within a turn-taking interaction
- follows child's line of visual regards
62
How is the communicative behaviour of the child at the proactive level?
- differentiated interactions
| - abstract meaning from intonational patterns, voice and facial expression
63
How is the communicative function of the child at the proactive level?
- designs, plans and adjusts behaviour to achieve goal
| - raises arms to be picked up, pulls string to get object, looks at adult and desired object
64
How is the communicative partner of the child at the proactive level?
- selective in behaviours they respond to
- respond to vocalisation, looking and reaching behaviours
- interpret behaviour as an "intention" to carry out some "action" or "find out about" something
- tries to shape behaviour towards intentional communication by referencing object, person, event in close proximity
- focus of attention shifts from caregiving activities towards objects and toys
65
When is an infant at the intentional communication stage?
7-12m
66
What are the stages of intentional communication?
1. Primitive level
2. Conventional level
3. Symbolic level
67
How is the communicative behaviour of the child at the primitive level?
- acts on env to create specific effect
- whole body actions
- facial expns and emotional display
vocalisations mainly babble and vocalic consonant forms with varied paralinguistic cues
68
How is the communicative function of the child at the primitive level?
- Request
| - Shared attending (using an object/event to gain attention from adult)
69
How is the communicative partner of the child at the primitive level?
Infers from
- context indicating goal desired
- emission of movement or sound, alternating eye contact
- persistence by child until goal is achieved
- consummatory behaviour confirming that child has goal in mind
70
How is the communicative behaviour of the child at the conventional level?
- works on env more sophisticatedly
- more conventional, less reliant on context
- mainly gestures
- vocalisations and verbalisations and early words
- decode shared knowledge
- developing skills for convo and discourse management
71
How is the communicative function of the child at the conventional level?
- drawing attention to self, events, obj, ppl
- req objects , actions, info and recurrence
- greeting
- protesting
- rejecting obj, events, ppl
- responding/acknowledging
72
How is the communicative partner of the child at the conventional level?
- QnA
- statement and reply
- emerging convo where child initiates/terminate convo
73
When is an infant at the symbolic stage?
12m
74
How is the communicative behaviour of the child at the symbolic level?
- 1st meaningful words
- words accompany/replace gestures to express comm functions
- gestures become more symbolic, may be used to represent words
75
How is the communicative function of the child at the symbolic level?
- drawing attention to self, obj, events, ppl
- req obj, actions, info and recurrence
- greeting
- protesting
- rejecting obj, events or ppl
- responding / acknowledging
76
What are the 2 general comm functions of initial gestures?
1. Protoimperatives
| 2. Protodeclaratives
77
What are protoimperatives?
Request for objects, participation or action
78
What does the infant realise with requests?
Must be reasonable or ask for something she can do herself
79
What are protodeclaratives?
pointing or showing with the goal of maintaining joint / shared attending
80
How many % of comm episodes between pre-symbolic children and caregivers compose of protodeclaratives?
30%
81
What is a widespread pattern cross-culturally?
Gestures
82
How does the development of gestures go?
1. Early use of gestures prior 8m (understanding of obj purpose or use)
2. Development of conventional gestures to show, give, point and request
3. Other nonconventional gestures (tantrums, show off)
4. Development of functional gestures with specific meaning (touch mouth, run to door, twist legs)
83
What is the assumption about comprehension?
Occurs prior to production when a child begins to attach meaning to symbols
84
By when can infants associate 2 spoken syllables with 2 moving objects?
7-8m
85
By when can infants comprehend as many as 20 words?
8m
86
How do infants divide speech stream into units resembling words, phrases and sentences?
Prosody, flow of speech, intonation, pitch changes
87
By when do children understand words based on a combination of sound, non-linguistic and paralinguistic cues and context?
9-13m
88
Up till which age is comprehension highly context dependent?
Up through age 2
89
When does comprehension precede production?
At approximately 50 word
90
How many words are children able to produce after comprehending 50 words?
10
91
What are the 2 features that infants pay attention to?
1. Prosodic regularities: prefers strong-weak patterns
| 2. Phonetic regularities
92
What are the biological processes for infant's development of speech sounds?
- Physical growth (small oral cavity)
| - Maturation of CNS system (brain steam > limbic system > motor cortex)
93
What are the milestones of Prespeech vocal development?
1. Reflexive crying and vegetative sounds: Birth
2. Cooing: 6-8w
3. Laughter, vocal play: 16w (30w for vocal also)
4. Canonical babbling: 24-36w
5. Variegated babbling: 48w
94
When does the first word of a child typically occur?
52w
95
What elicits cooing?
Social interaction
96
What do coos sound like?
Long vowels at the start, series of different vowel-like sounds strung together as they develop
97
What is marginal babbling?
Long series of sounds infants produce by the end of expansion stage
98
When do infants start producing consonant-like sounds articulated in the front of the mouth?
6m
99
What type of infants rarely produce canonical babbling?
Deaf infants
100
What is the first development that distinguishes the vocal development of hearing children from that of deaf children?
Canonical babbling
101
What is variegated babbling?
Random sound play of infinite variety
102
What is jargon?
Wordless sentences, special type of babbling containing at least 2 syllables, and at least 2 diff consonants and vowels, varied stress and intonation patterns
103
How many % of consonant sounds produced by 12mo are the 11 different consonants?
90%
104
What is rarely formed towards the end of babbling stage?
consonant clusters
105
What type of syllable is more frequent towards the end of babbling stage?
Single syllables
106
When do children start transitioning from babbling to words?
12mo
107
What do these sound sequences typically overlap with?
Comm gestures
108
What influences the order in which speech sounds are produced by children?
Functional load
109
When are first words typically produced?
10-15m
110
What are first words?
Approximations of words in language
111
What are the 2 stages of speech sound production?
1. Prelexical (context-bound)
| 2. Referential
