Preparing for Solo Flight Flashcards
Separation services for IFR in uncontrolled vs controlled airspace
no for uncontrolled, yes for controlled
How restrictive are weather minimums in uncontrolled vs controlled airspace
less for uncontrolled, more for controlled
Is clearance required to enter uncontrolled airspace?
no
Name the 5 controlled types of airspaces
Class A-E
Name the uncontrolled airspace
Class G
What are the min and max altitudes for Class G airspace?
From the surface to the bottom of Class E
How is Class G airspace shown on a sectional when flying under 699 ft AGL?
magenta fuzzy line
How is Class G airspace shown on a sectional when flying between 700 ft and 1199 ft AGL?
blue fuzzy line
What is the max altitude for Class E airspace?
17999 ft MSL
What does Class E airspace protect?
Federal airways and IFR approaches
Class D is the first class to surround airports of what type?
Ones with control towers
Class D is shown on a sectional as a?
blue dashed line
What is the radius and max altitude of a Class D airspace
5 SM up to 2500 ft AGL
How is Class C airspace shown on a sectional?
solid magenta
What are the 3 areas of Class C airspace?
surface, shelf and outer
What is the radius and max alt of the surface area of Class C airspace?
5 NM up to 4000 ft AGL
What is the radius and max alt of the shelf area of Class C airspace?
5-10 NM from 1200 - 4000 ft AGL
What is the radius and max alt of the outer area of Class C airspace?
extends from 10-20 NM
What equipment is required to fly in and over Class C airspace?
2 way comms, operable radio beacon
How is Class B airspace depicted on a sectional chart?
solid blue
Airspaces prohibited for reasons of national security
prohibited areas
How is a prohibited area shown and denoted on a sectional?
blue hashes and P-#
Airspace restricted for altitudes and/or times
restricted areas
How is a restricted area shown and denoted on a sectional?
blue hashes with R-#
Airspace with unusual, often invisible hazards
warning areas
How is a warning area shown and denoted on a sectional?
blue hashes w W-#
How is a MOA shown on a sectional?
magenta hashes
Airspace with high volume of pilot training
alert areas
How is an alert area shown and denoted on a sectional?
magenta hashes w A-#
Denoted on a sectional with a thin black line and a number?
Military Training Routes (MTRs)
How many digits are used to show MTRs above 1500 ft AGL?
3
What is a VFR Flyway?
a general flight path through Class B airspace that extends to the surface and doesn’t require ATC clearance
What is a VFR Corridor?
A tunnel through Class B airspace that has defined lateral and vertical boundaries and doesn’t require ATC clearance
What is a VFR Transition Route?
A specific flight course at a specific altitude through or above Class B airspace that requires ATC clearance.
What is the minimum alt for flying over a special conservation area?
2000 ft AGL
Weather minimums for Class G during the day
At or below 1200 ft AGL
1 SM, clear of clouds
Above 1200 ft AGL
1 SM, 2000 ft horizontally, 500 below, 1000 above
Weather minimums for Class C, D, E & G at night up to 10000 ft MSL
3 SM, 2000 ft horizontally, 500 below, 1000 above
Weather minimums for Class G & E above 10000 ft MSL
5 SM, 1 SM horizontally, 1000 below and above
What are weather minimums for soloing?
3 SM during the day
5 SM during the night
cannot fly over clouds
What are the 3 main options for flight review every 24 months?
flight review with CFI
proficiency check
accomplish 1 or more phases of WINGS
How long is a 3rd class medical certificate valid for?
end of the 24th month if 40 and over else 60th month
What altitude is flown for VFR collision avoidance when heading north and east?
odd alt + 500
remember ONE: odd north east
What does AHRS stand for?
Attitude Heading Reference System
What is an AHRS?
3 axis sensors with info on heading, attitude, and yaw
How does an AHRS obtain data?
GPS, magnetometer and air data
What is the air data computer?
processes data from the pitot-static system and OAT
What does the air data computer provide?
airspeed, pressure alt, vertical speed and OAT
A spinning disc that resists change to its plane of rotation (rigidity in space)
gyroscope
Which instruments are powered by a vacuum?
attitude and heading indicators
Which instruments are powered electrically?
turn coordinator
What does the attitude indicator show and which gyroscopic principle does it work off of?
pitch and bank uses rigidity in space
What does the heading indicator show and which gyroscopic principle does it work off of?
magnetic heading and uses rigidity in space
What does the turn coordinator show and which gyroscopic principle does it work off of?
yaw and roll and uses precession
What system measures the pressure of the static or still air surrounding an airplane?
static
What instruments are connected to the static system?
airspeed, VSI, and altimeter
When the static system measures low pressure what does that indicate about the altitude?
high altitude
How does the VSI indicate vertical speed?
measures the rate of airflow through a calibrated leak
High to low pressure measured in the VSI means
climb
The greater the pressure difference in the airspeed indicator the
higher the velocity
Calibrated airspeed (CAS)
IAS corrected for mech and position errors
True Airspeed (TAS)
CAS corrected for P and T (Your actual speed)
Ground Speed (GS)
TAS + winds aloft
If a pitot tube is partially blocked
the airspeed indicator will read a lower speed
if a pitot tube is fully blocked
no airspeed
If the pitot tube and its drain are complete blocked
airspeed acts like altimeter (airspeed increases in a climb)
if only the static port is blocked
airspeed is inaccurate, VSI is 0, altimeter doesn’t change
Calibrated Altitude
Indicated altitude corrected for instrument failure
True Altitude
actual height above sea level
Absolute Altitude
height above any terrain
high to low
look out below (true altitude is lower than indicated)
1 inch of pressure change equals how many feet
1000
What are the 3 magnetic errors?
variation, deviation, dip
The error occurs because the magnetic NP and True NP are in different locations.
variation
Westerly variation
mag north is west of true north you add to the compass
This error occurs because the metal parts and magnetic fields in each airplane affect its magnetic compass
deviation
This error occurs because in addition to paralleling the earth’s magnetic field the compass dips downward toward the magnetic NP
dip
What are the 2 forms of dip?
acceleration and turning
Which directions does acceleration dip occur?
easterly and westerly
How is the compass affected in acceleration dip?
accelerating east or west will turn the compass towards the north and during deceleration turn the compass towards the south
Which directions do turning errors occur?
north and south
During a northerly turn the compass will turn
in the opposite direction and then correct (No, North Opposite)
During a southerly turn the compass will
turn south but faster than actual (False Start South)
What are the 4 Cs of dead reckoning?
Climb, Conserve, Communicate, Comply
