Prenatal Nutrition Flashcards
why is nutrition important prior to conception (4)
-adequate nutrients for developing fetus
-1st tri is critical for development
-folic acid intake can prevent NTD
-desirable body weight can reduce fetal and mother risks
what are the categories of nutrient needs during pregnancy
-energy
-fats
-protein
-CHO
-micronutrients (vitamins and minerals)
-water
what is recommended weight gain during pregnancy based on (2)
-prepregnancy BMI
-trimester of pregnancy
what BMI is considered underweight
<18.5
what BMI is considered normal weight
18.5-24.9
what BMI is considered overweight
25.0-29.9
what BMI is considered obese
> 30
recommended weight gain for all 1st tri moms
2-4 lbs
recommended weight gain for underweight BMI for 2nd + 3rd tris
0.45 kg/wk (1 lb/wk)
recommended weight gain for normal BMI for 2nd + 3rd tris
0.45 kg/wk (1 lb/wk)
recommended weight gain for overweight BMI for 2nd + 3rd tris
0.3 kg/wk (0.6 lb/wk)
recommended weight gain for obese BMI for 2nd + 3rd tris
0.2 kg/wk (0.5 lb/wk)
what could result from inadequate energy/weight intake during pregnancy (3)
-increased risk preterm birth
-increased risk of small for gestational age baby
-ketonemia may be associated with preterm labor
possible consequences for fetus from obese mom (5)
-increased risk miscarriage
-increased risk birth defects
-increased risk stillbirth
-increased risk abnormal fetal growth
-increased risk preterm birth
how many mg folic acid should woman of childbearing age consume daily
0.4 mg
possible consequences for mom during obese pregnancy (7)
INCREASED RISK:
-gestational diabetes
-HTN disorders
-vacuum and forceps during birth
-C-section birth
-surgical site infection
-VTE
-depression
possible consequences of excessive weight gain during pregnancy (4)
-increased risk gestational diabetes
-increased risk HTN disorders
-increased risk L&D complications
-can be difficult to lose the weight after birth
how many calories should pregnant woman consume during 1st tri
1800 (same as pre pregnancy)
how many calories should pregnant woman consume during 2nd tri
2200
how many calories should pregnant woman consume during 3rd tri
2400
how many calories should be added to consumption during pregnancy based on basal needs + activity
300
how many servings of grain per day
6-8
how many servings of veggies per day
2.5-3 cups
how many servings of fruits per day
2 cups
how many servings of dairy per day
3 cups
how many servings of protein per day
5.5-6 oz
how do you calculate BMI
weight/height^2 x 703
{ (lbs/ in^2) x 703 }
how many servings oils/fats per day
6 tsp
are protein supplements recommended during pregnancy
NO
recommended protein intake for 1st tri pregnant woman or not pregnant
46 g/day
recommended protein intake for 2nd + 3rd tri pregnant woman
71 g/day
(can equal 3 servings dairy and 2 servings meat)
(teen = 4 servings dairy)
how many carbs should pregnant woman eat daily
175 g/day
(no more than 45-64% of total calories)
how many g fiber should pregnant woman eat daily
28 g
good sources of carbohydrates (3)
-fruits
-whole grains
-veggies
how much water/fluid should pregnant woman eat daily
8-10 servings daily (8 oz each)
what counts to fluid intake
-water and beverages made with water
-milk
-juices
-all foods especially veggies + fruits
what % of daily calories should fats make up
no more than 20-35%
what fats do pregnant women need to avoid
trans fatty acids
benefits of additional omega 3 (+300 mg/day)
-decreased risk preterm birth
-improved neurological and visual development
recommended intake of seafood for pregnant women during a week
8-12 oz (2-3 servings) per week
*low mercury seafood
fish to avoid during pregnancy (high mercury levels)
-king mackerel
-marlin
-orange roughy
-shark
-swordfish
-tilefish (gulf of mexico)
-tuna, bigeye
fat soluble vitamins (4)
A, D, E, K
*risk for toxicity
water soluble vitamins (4)
-folate
-B6
-B12
-C
how much folic acid should pregnant woman consume daily
0.6 mg
how much folic acid should lactating woman consume daily
0.5 mg
minerals needed during pregnancy
-iron (30 mg)
-calcium (1000 mg, if teen 1300 mg)
-magnesium
-sodium (max 1 tsp)
-potassium
-zinc
can pregnant women drink alcohol
no!
how much caffeine can pregnant woman drink
<200 mg/day (12 oz)
what foods are good sources of micronutrients
green leafy veggies
orange veggies
what women are at risk for B6/B12 deficiencies
vegan/vegetarian
consumption of non-edible substances (clay), low nutritional foods, or ice
pica
what physical condition is associated with pica
anemia
(african american and hispanic women)
what is a good source of calcium for vegetarian
-beans
-greens
-baked products (cornbread, muffin, toast)
-fruits (figs, orange juice)
-sauces (creamy pesto, cheese)
What nutrient, when consumed with iron, increases the body’s absorption of iron and what is
a good source of this nutrient
-vitamin C
-orange juice
dietary modifications for teen pregnancies
-add 1 cup dairy
-make sure calcium and iron are adequate
-use high end of range for BMI for weight gain goals
can women consume bone meal supplements for calcium consumption
no! frequently contaminated with lead
high consumption of folate and iron can result in what mineral being decreased
zinc
most common vitamin deficiencies after bariatric surgery
-folate
-B12
-iron
-calcium
-D
factors to consider when planning diet for physically active woman
-dehydration
-calorie intake
-heart rate
how to prevent listeriosis
-good hygiene
-separate raw meats, seafood, eggs and juices
-cook meats, seafood, eggs
-use meat thermometer
-good refrigeration
assessment tools for pregnant woman nutrition
-24 hour diet recall
-psychosocial economic assessment
-physical exam (includes oral exam and lab tests)
when should you screen for pica
-at 1st prenatal visit
-recur at beginning of each trimester
-recur if anemic
signs of malnutrition
-glossitis
-cracked lips
-brittle hair
risk factors malnutrition during pregnancy
-overweight/underweight at conception
-inadequate/excessive weight gain during pregnancy
-socioeconomic status
-anemia
-previous OB complications
-high parity (5+)
-short term pregnancy intervals (2 within 2 years)
-present medical/OB complications
-substance abuse
-eating disorders
-multiple gestation
-psychosocial complications
-Hx of poor diet, inappropriate food consumption, barriers to change
-busy professional woman
-adolescence
programs for women with limited financial resources
SNAP
WIC
nutrition related discomforts of pregnancy
-N/V
-heartburn
-constipation
appropriate weight loss goals for postpartum
-nonlactating women: 0.5-0.9 kg/wk (1-2 lbs/wk)
-lactating women: 1 kg/month (2.2 lbs/month)
recommended calorie intake for 1st 6 months PP for lactating women
1800 + 330-500 (2130-2300)
varies on mom
management interventions for N/V during pregnancy
-eat dry starchy foods when nauseous
-avoid excessive fluid intake early in day or when nauseous
-eat small amounts food frequently
-avoid skipping meals
-avoid sudden movements (get out of bed slowly)
-decrease intake fried/fatty foods
-breathe fresh air
-eat foods at cold temps, little aroma, non-spicy
-avoid brushing teeth immediately after eating
-try salty and tart foods when nauseous
-try herbal teas
-try ginger
-motion sickness wristbands
-vit B6 may be recommended
substances for lactating women to avoid (3)
-excessive caffeine
-alcohol
-smoking
