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OB > conception and fetal developmental teratogen > Flashcards

conception and fetal developmental teratogen Flashcards

1
Q

developing embryo becomes a hollow ball of cells and is called a

A

blastocyst

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2
Q

where in the fallopian tube is the egg fertilized

A

outer 1/3rd

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3
Q

how many days does it take for the zygote to make it through the fallopian tube

A

about 4 days

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4
Q

outer cell mass of a developing zygote that develops into the placenta, helps with implantation

A

trophoblast

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5
Q

inner cell mass of a developing zygote that develops into the fetus (also called embryonic stem cells)

A

embryoblast

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6
Q

what day after fertilization does the zygote implant in the uterus (when its implanted its called an embryo)

A

days 7-10

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7
Q

what are 3 germ cells

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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8
Q

process where zygote develops germ cells

A

gastrulation

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9
Q

germ layer that develops outermost layer: skin, nervous system, spinal cord, brain, hair, eye lens

A

ectoderm

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10
Q

germ layer that develops middle layer: skeleton, muscle, connective tissue, blood vessels, kidney

A

mesoderm

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11
Q

germ layer that develops innermost layer: lining of GI tract, lungs, bladder, pancreas, thymus, liver

A

endoderm

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12
Q

when is baby referred to as zygote

A

immediately after fertilization until implantation

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13
Q

when is baby referred to as embryo

A

implantation (around day 10) to 8 weeks

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14
Q

when is baby referred to as fetus

A

8 weeks (post conception) to birth

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15
Q

when is baby most vulnerable to malformation and teratogens

A

when it is an embryo (10 days - 8 weeks)

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16
Q

first organ of embryo to start functioning (3-4 weeks after conception)

A

heart

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17
Q

nutrient important for spinal cord development of embryo

A

folic acid (all sexually active women of childbearing age should take folic acid supplements)

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18
Q

time since first day of last normal menstrual period

A

gestational age

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19
Q

time since conception (time since first day of last normal menstrual period minus 2 weeks)

A

conceptual age

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20
Q

2 structures included in fetal membranes

A

chorion

amnion (closest to baby)

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21
Q

sources of amniotic fluid (3)

A

maternal blood
resp and GI secretions from fetus
fetal urine

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22
Q

functions of amniotic fluid (6)

A
  • thermal regulation
  • cushion
  • facilitations symmetrical growth and development
  • allows fetal lung development (breathes in and swallows the fluid)
  • source of oral fluid
  • waste repository
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23
Q

what degrees C and F are considered fever

A
  1. 4 F

38. 0 C

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24
Q

volume of amniotic fluid at term

A

700-1000 mL

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25
Q

critical piece of fetal assessment

A

volume of amniotic fluid

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26
Q

how many mL is oligohydramnios of amniotic fluid (worried about perfusion, renal anomaly, leak in membranes)

A

<300 mL

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27
Q

how many mL is polyhydramnios of amniotic fluid (sometimes associated with GI anomaly)

A

> 2 L

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28
Q

what is LS ratio (tested by amniocentesis)

A

ratio of lecithin and sphingomyelin in amniotic fluid

ratio of 2:1 indicates mature fetal lungs

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29
Q

how many vessels in umbilical cord

A

2 arteries

1 vein

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30
Q

what helps umbilical cord to not kink by cushioning vessels

A

wharton’s jelly

31
Q

2 factors that help umbilical cord not to kink and cut off blood/oxygen supply

A

wharton’s jelly

twisting of cord

32
Q

deoxygenated blood is carried through umbilical arteries or vein

33
Q

oxygenated blood is carried through umbilical arteries or vein

34
Q

fingerlike projections into mom’s intervillous space (pool of blood) that receive oxygen and nutrients and bring back to baby

A

chorionic villi

35
Q

a chorionic villi that connects all the way down to mom’s endometrium

A

anchoring villi

36
Q

when trophoblasts from fetus line uterine spiral arteries, causing them to dilate and lengthen, giving more blood to the growing fetus. (decreases maternal bp)

A

vascular remodeling

37
Q

what event can lead eventually to pre-eclampsia

A

failure of vascular remodeling

38
Q

15-20 lobes on placenta that are functional units in anchoring villi

39
Q

4 functions of the placenta

A
  • endocrine organ
  • metabolism
  • transport
  • immunology
40
Q

endocrine function of placenta

A

produces estrogen, progesterone, HCG, human placental lactogen (HPL)

41
Q

metabolic function of placenta

A

synthesizes glycogen, fatty acids, cholesterol and enzymes

42
Q

transport function of placenta

A

transports gases, nutrients, waste, drugs, etc

43
Q

immunologic function of placenta

A
  • filters some pathogens (large molecules such as some bacteria)
  • prevents rejection (cloaks baby’s DNA)
44
Q

immunologic function of placenta

A
  • filters some pathogens (large molecules such as some bacteria)
  • prevents rejection (cloaks baby’s DNA)
45
Q

why do we use the 1st day of the mother’s last menstrual cycle for gestational age to determine the due date

A

because we can’t be completely sure of the date of conception

46
Q

earliest system of fetus to function

A

circulatory (heart)

47
Q

3 shunts that permit most of the fetus’ blood to bypass the liver and lungs

A
  • ductus venosus
  • foramen ovale
  • ductus arteriosus
48
Q

shunt that shunts blood to bypass liver to inferior vena cava

A

ductus venosus

49
Q

hole between two atria of fetal heart to allows blood to shunt through to the left atrium (blood is already oxygenated, so it can bypass the lungs)

A

foramen ovale

50
Q

shunt that allows deoxygenated blood from RV of heart to pulmonary trunk to this shunt into aorta (bypasses lungs)

A

ductus arteriosus

51
Q

when does resp system start developing

A

embryonic stage (continues into early childhood)

52
Q

MSF

A

meconium stained fluid

53
Q

when do the kidneys start functioning

A

9-11 weeks

*amniotic fluid volume is now indicative of perfusion

54
Q

when is sex differentiation fully distinguished in fetus

55
Q

when is hearing and vision developed in fetus

A

hearing: 24 weeks
vision: 26 weeks

56
Q

fine hair covering fetus at 20 weeks

57
Q

thick white mixture that covers fetus’ skin, protects skin. thick at 24 weeks, and disappears with continued growth

A

vernix caeseosa

58
Q

twins from 2 mature ova

A

dizygotic

fraternal

59
Q

twins from one ova that divides

A

monozygotic

identical

60
Q

twins that are monozygotic but the cleavage is incomplete

61
Q

concern of twins sharing amniotic sac (mono mono)

A

cord entanglement

62
Q

nongenetic factors influencing development (3)

A
  • environmental factors
  • teratogen exposure
  • poor maternal nutrition (ex: folic acid)
63
Q

any agent or non-genetic factor that produces permanent abnormal embryonic physical development or physiology

64
Q

principle of teratogen: if mom is exposed to teratogen during first 2 weeks after conception, it will either cause miscarriage or no effect

A

all or none phenomenon

65
Q

principle of teratogen: how much of substance was mom exposed to

A

dose dependency

66
Q

principle of teratogen: over what period of time was baby exposed to a harmful substance

A

duration of exposure

67
Q

principle of teratogen: OTC or Rx meds that affect how moms body utilizes the substance and how it can affect the fetus

A

drug interactions

68
Q

principle of teratogen: possibility that something harmful will effect one fetus vs another

A

host susceptibility

69
Q

what might teratogens effect during fetal period

A

structural defects

fetal growth restriction

70
Q

principle of teratogen: teratogen effects baby more or less depending on what stage in pregnancy fetus was

A

critical periods for certain effects

71
Q

when is most critical period for harmful effects of teratogens for fetus

A

embryonic stage (2-8 weeks)

72
Q

known/strongly suspected teratogens

A
  • alcohol
  • tobacco
  • androgens
  • ACE inhibitors
  • antithyroid drugs
  • coumadin/warfarin
  • carbamazepine, phenytoin, valproic acid (anti-seizure drugs)
  • folic acid antagonist
  • cocaine
  • lead, mercury
  • lithium
  • NSAIDs
  • tetracycline
  • thalidomide
73
Q

if mom needs blood thinner during pregnancy what med will she get v not get

A

get: heparin

not get: coumadin/warfarin

74
Q

known/strongly suspected teratogens: infections

A
  • CMV
  • rubella
  • syphilis
  • toxoplasmosis (uncooked meat and cat feces)
  • varicella

OB (21 decks)

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