Prenatal Development And Birth Flashcards
What Is the Zygote stage?
Between 0-2 weeks
Conception to implantation
What is the Embryo Stage?
Between 3-8 weeks
Structural development i.e. Neural tube becomes brain and spinal chord.
Miscarriage risk high
What is the Foetus stage?
9-38 weeks
Brain development
12 wks - sex
17-20 wks - mother feels movement
22-26 wks - viability
What are the risks of Prenatal development?
Teratogens (environment)
i.e. prescription drugs, illegal drugs and legal drugs.
What is Thalidomide?
Drug for morning sickness
Causes structural abnormalities
Withdrawn In 1961
What is Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
Hormone used to prevent miscarriage (1947-64)
Caused productive problems and cancer in offspring
What Is Spina Bifida
Neural tube fails to close properly
Birth defect
Can be as a result of low folic acid intake during pregnancy
How Long did Thalidomide take to cause affect?
Day 20 - Brain damage
Day 21 - eye abnormalities
Day 22 - Ears + Face abnormalities
Day 24 - arms
Day 28 - Leg damages
Day 42 + no ill effects
How does caffeine affect pregnancy?
Cause miscarriage and low birth rate
How does Tobacco affect pregnancy?
Miscarriage and prematurity
Affects placenta causing poor nutrition and low birth weight
ADHD
Roza et al 2007 - Affects head circumference and BPD measurement
Uk - 6% smoke until brith
How does alcohol affect pregnancy?
Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) up to 17% of children have it in UK
stunted growth
mental retardation
distorted facial features
Foetal Alcohol spectrum disorder
How may radiation impact pregnancy?
Miscarriage, cancer, stunted growth, physical defects
Prematurity, LBW, cognitive delays
i.e. X-rays, Nuclear, Pollution-lead
What are examples of infectious disease?
TORCH
Toxoplasmosis
Other (Aids/HIV)
Rubella
CMV
Herpes
What is Zika Virus
- Mosquito born infection
- cause fever in mother
- Infects foetal brain tissue
- Lifelong sensory, motor and cognitive disability
- No vaccine yet
Risks: maternal factors
Age: fertility problems, miscarriage and chromosomal damage more likely the older you are
Teen mums also at risk
Weight gain
Prenatal care
Health
Pre eclampsia
Gestational diabetes
APGAD Scoring system
Activity (muscle tone)
Pulse
Grimace (reflex irritability)
Appearance (slim colour)
Respiration
What complications may occur when baby is premature
Before 36 weeks
Risk of cognitive delay
May cause respiratory distress syndrome
Inadequate surfactant (liquid in lungs which sends 02 into blood)
Low birth weight causes motor and cognitive problems in the long term
Stimulation programmes for preterm babies
Previously babies would be isolated to protect them but under stimulation causes delay in development.
Skin to skin (Kangaroo care)
Massages
Breathing Bear Study
- Investigated the sleep/wake states of preterm babies
- At 33weeks (conceptual age) babies randomly assigned to breathing or non breathing bear
- 35 weeks, sleep wake states were recorded
- BB babies, less crying, fewer startles
- BB babies more likely to smile than grimace when sleeping and opposite for NB
Thoman et al, 2012
Massage Stimulates Growth Study
- Preterm infants were assigned to treatment and control groups
- Treatment group had 3, 15 min massages daily for 10 days
- control infants had no massage
- Massage group were discharged earlier than non massage
- massage group gained more weight per day
Field, 1990
Parent interventions - why preterm babies less care
- Physical appearance
- High pitched cry
- Feeding difficulties
- Lower responsiveness
- Nature of intervention (i.e. massage or infant self regulation)
- Intervention intensity and duration
