Families In Childhood & Adolescence Flashcards
How do mothers and fathers roles (Lewis 1986)
- mothers are usually main caregivers for babies for example, they change nappies and do bath time more than the men
What are the different types of families
- Nuclear Family
- Extended Family
- Reconstituted Family
- Lone Parents
- Adoptive parents
Same Sex and different sex parents
- Bos et al (2018) having same sex parents or different sex parents does not cause relationship problems or problem behaviour
- Farr et al (2010) no difference in stress of parents or disciplinary techniques
Belsky’s Parenting Model
3 main factors influencing parenting:
- the child’s personality
- context i.e. friendships
- the parents characteristics
Parent and Child development
Reinforcement: praise and disiplin
Modelling: Observing others
Environment: Where child grows up
Parenting style
Parenting Styles
Maccoby and Martin (1983), Baumrind (1967)
Authoritative: Demanding and Warm
Authoritarian: Demanding and Rejecting
Permissive: Permissive and Warm
Neglecting Rejecting: Rejecting Permissive
Cultural differences in parenting styles
(Chao, 1994, 2001)
- high involvement with children, physical closeness
Different parenting styles
Steinberg, Lamborn, Dornbusch and Darling (1992)
- Authoritative parenting style means that children have better academic performance
- authoritarian parents means less social children
Grandparent Influences
- Average age of being a grandparent is 63, Grandparent for 1/4 of their life - Office of national statistics
Tinsley and Park (1984)
Indirect - how they brought up the parents of the children
Direct - looking after children
Johnson (1983)
- contact drops with grandparents as they age
Sibling Influences
Dunn, Brown and Beardsall (1991)
- Birth order affects
- The way other siblings are treated may influence behaviour i.e favouritism
Divorce an Step Parenting
Hetherington, Cox and Cox (1982)
- children of divorced parents grew up quicker
- insecure attachment style
Divorce: Acute distress syndrome
Protest - really sad, denial
Despair - depressed mood
Detachment - Loss of interest
Should Divorce be delayed
Emery (1999)
- divorce causes more psychological damage than a death in the family
- conflict amongst parents
HIGH CONFLICT=
- more behaviour problems
- more adjustment difficulties
(opposite for low conflict)
What other factors may influence impact of divorce
- Age of child
- Post divorce arrangement
- Sex of the child
Family interventions - Divorce
Working with Parents
- contact issues
- conflict issues
Working with Children
- family work
- group and individual work
Teen Parents (Miller et al, 2006)
Teen mums,
- More likely to become divorced
- Unlikely to stay with the dad even a few months after birth
Teen Dads,
- Earn low salary’s
- More likely to engage in criminal behaviour
Both less likely to get an education
Teen Parents Attachment (Leadbeater et al., 1996)
- Mothers aren’t fully developed themselves, less able to understand their children.
- mother yells when child cries
- mother laughs when child is angry
- more intolerant
- lead insecure attachment styles
- Teen parents more likely to be depressed
Teen parents: knowledge of child’s development
- limited knowledge of child development
- focus on physical rather than mental (Brody & Sigel, 1990)
Teen Parents: Assessment Of Risk
(McClure-Martinez and Cohn, 1996)
- Teen mothers less likely than adult mothers to intervene when the child is unsafe.
- child unrestricted in car seat
- infant unrestrained in car seat
- infant ignored in a bath
- infant in crib with railing down
Teen Parents: Protective factors
- Majority of teen mothers seek support which helps with their child’s development for example a grandmother
- this then helps the attachment between mother and baby
Support from the father
- Overall partner support is positively
related with maternal psychological
well-being - Men try to financially support their partners (Roye and Balk, 1996)
Longitudinal Child Outcomes
Lipman et al. (2011)
- Being born to a teen mum has been associated to poorer educational achievements as well as life satisfaction and personal incomes
Example questions
What factors does Belsky highlight as important influences on
child outcomes?
Discuss what parents should consider when deciding if to
delay(or not delay) divorce for the sake of their children.
Discuss what support teen parents may benefit from to support
their own and their children’s positive outcomes.
