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Developmental Psychology > Prenatal Development > Flashcards

Prenatal Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Ontogenetic development

A

The development of an individual over their lifetime

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2
Q

Microgenetic development

A

Changes that occur over very brief periods of time

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3
Q

Phylogenetic development

A

Changes over evolutionary time (thousands or millions of year)

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4
Q

Prenatal stage

A

Conception to birth

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5
Q

Infancy

A

Birth to 2 years

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6
Q

Preschool

A

2 - 4 years

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7
Q

Childhood

A

5 - 12 years

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8
Q

Adolescence

A

12 - 18 years

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9
Q

Young adulthood

A

18 - 40 years

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10
Q

Middle adulthood

A

40 - 65 years

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11
Q

Late adulthood

A

65 + years

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12
Q

Preformationism

A

The popular belief (until the 17th century) that miniature people lived in sperm and started to grow when the sperm met the egg

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13
Q

Epigenesis

A

The term describing what we now know which is that new organs and structures develop through a series of stages throughout prenatal development

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14
Q

Germinal stage

A

Conception to two weeks
Zygote doubles its cells twice a day
At about 2 weeks, the zygote attaches to the uterus wall and the cells become an embryo

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15
Q

What is a fertilised egg called?

A

A zygote

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16
Q

Embryo stage

A

2 - 8 weeks
Period of rapid growth
Key organs and structures develop

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17
Q

Foetus stage

A

9 weeks - birth

Growth and development of organs

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18
Q

Fewer than ____ of zygotes survive

A

Half

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19
Q

What is a gene?

A

A short section of a chromosome

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20
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Molecules of DNA that hold the genetic instructions for every cell in our body

21
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes does a normal human cell have?

A

23

22
Q

Which pair of chromosomes determines sex?

A

23rd

23
Q

Female sex chromosome

A

XX

24
Q

Male sex chromosome

A

XY

25
Q

Why are more males conceived than females?

A

Sperm that carry the Y chromosome are lighter and swim faster than those carrying two X chromosomes

26
Q

Why are males more vulnerable prenatally?

A

They are more susceptible to stress and more likely to be miscarried or have birth complications
As they only have one X, if there is a defective gene, they don’t have a functioning copy to balance this out

27
Q

Monozygotic (identical) twins

A

The growing cluster of cells breaks apart early resulting in two identical clusters

28
Q

Dizygotic (non-identical) twins

A

When two eggs are fertilised at the same time

29
Q

Where does the zygote attach?

A

To the uterine wall

30
Q

What does the inner cell mass become?

A

The embryo

31
Q

What does the outer cell mass become?

A

Amniotic sac and placenta

32
Q

What is the amniotic sac?

A

A membrane filled with a clear fluid which provides an even temperature and cushioning

33
Q

What does the placenta do?

A

Permits the exchange of materials from the mother to the embryo/foetus via the bloodstream through blood vessels that make up the umbilical cord

34
Q

Three layers of the inner cell mass, from top to bottom

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

35
Q

Ectoderm

A

Becomes the nervous system, nails, teeth, inner ear, lens of the eye, and skin

36
Q

Mesoderm

A

Becomes muscles, bone, circulatory system, inner layers of the skin and internal organs

37
Q

Endoderm

A

Becomes the digestive system, lungs, urinary tract and glands

38
Q

What does the neural tube become?

A

Brain and the spinal cord (central nervous system)

39
Q

Which areas develop first in the foetal period?

A

Areas near the head

40
Q

During the last 5 months, what develops more rapidly?

A

The lower parts of the body

Foetuses movements

41
Q

What causes male genitalia to develop?

A

Presence of androgens (hormones which include testosterone)

42
Q

What influences prenatal development?

A

Zygotes genetic code

The environment

43
Q

What is a teratogen?

A

Environmental agents (drugs)
Diseases (e.g. measles)
Physical conditions (malnutrition)
Can affect the growing embryo/foetus

44
Q

What affects the effects of teratogens?

A

Timings (may only cause damage if exposed at a specific time of development)
Dose-response relationship

45
Q

What is the dose-response relationship?

A

The greater the exposure, the more likely the damage

46
Q

Alcohol on prenatal development

A

Can lead to foetal alcohol syndrome

47
Q

Characteristics of foetal alcohol syndrome

A

Facial defects
Hyperactivity
Behavioural problems

48
Q

What is the most common teratogen?

A

Alcohol

Developmental Psychology (15 decks)

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