ADHD

Question 1

Atypical development

Answer 1

There is a delay in the emergence of a particular behaviour

A child presents differently

Question 2

Developmental disorder

Answer 2

Begins in the early years 
Can affect one single developmental area (specific disorder)
Or several areas (pervasive disorder) 
Can continue to adulthood 
Can decline with age

Question 3

ADHD

Answer 3

Those who are hyperactive or impulsive

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Question 4

ADHD prevalence in UK

Answer 4

3. 62% boys

0. 85% girls

Question 5

Worldwide prevalence

Answer 5

5%

Question 6

Individuals diagnosed with ADHD as children found that by age _____ only _____ retained full ADHD diagnosis

Answer 6

25

15%

Question 7

_____ fulfilled criteria for ADHD or ADHD in partial remission

Answer 7

65%

Question 8

Prevalence of ADHD in adults

Answer 8

3 - 4%

Question 9

DSM-V classification of ADHD

Answer 9

Classified as being either inattentive, hyperactive or both
Several symptoms before age 12
Symptoms present in more than one location
Symptoms interfere with quality of functioning
Symptoms not exclusive to ADHD but not explained in a better way than any other disorder

Question 10

Inattention symptoms

Answer 10

Often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes
Often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play
Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly
Often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish things
Often has difficulty organising tasks and activities
Often avoids, dislikes or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort
Often loses things necessary for tasks and activities
Is often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli
Is often forgetful in daily activities

Question 11

Hyperactivity symptoms

Answer 11

Often fidgets with or taps hands or feet or squirms in seat
Often leaves seat in situations when remaining seated is expected
Often runs about or climbs in situations where it is inappropriate
Often unable to play or engage in leisure activities quietly
Is often on the go, acting as if driven by a motor
Often talks excessively
Often blurts out an answer before a question has been completed
Has difficulty waiting their turn
Interrupts or intrudes on others

Question 12

How many symptoms are required for classification

Answer 12

6 or more for at least 6 months

Question 13

ICD-10

Answer 13

European equivalent of DSM

International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision

Question 14

Co-morbidity in ADHD

Answer 14

Motor coordination - less coordinated
IQ - perform less well on IQ tests
Academic attainment - perform less well as they are less ready for school
Sleep - may have more sleep disturbances but need less sleep (anecdotal)
Social issues - less likely to make friends, struggle with play and waiting, more aggressive

Question 15

Causes of ADHD

Answer 15

Genes 
Environment 
Parents 
Diet 
Neuropsychology

Question 16

Genes

Answer 16

Highly heritable disorder

Parents and siblings of children with ADHD have a 2 to 8-fold increased risk for ADHD

Question 17

Environment

Answer 17

Growning up in deprived institutional care may increase rates of ADHD
Children with ADHD have an atypical cortisol response to stress, cortisol decreases after stressor - could be linked to poor response inhibition in HPA

Question 18

Parents

Answer 18

Chaotic and disorganised parenting can allow development of ADHD in predisposed individuals

Question 19

Diet

Answer 19

No definitive link to consumption of sugar or additives

Question 20

Neuropsychology - Cognitive dysregulation

Answer 20

ADHD child’s behaviour stems from a lack of planning, forethought and control
(Nigg, 2001)

Question 21

Neuropsychology - Delay Aversion

Answer 21

When child has control over environment they can minimise delay by acting impulsively
When they do not have control or there are behavioural expectations on them, they can pass time by daydreaming (inattention) or fidgeting (hyperactivity)
(Song-Burke et al (1996))

Question 22

Treatment of ADHD

Answer 22

Psychosocial or behavioural

Drugs

Question 23

Psychosocial interventions

Answer 23

Parent training
Teacher training
Cognitive behavioural

Question 24

New Forest Parent Training

Answer 24

Address 4 key symptoms of ADHD 
- Psycho-education 
- Parent child relationship 
- Behaviour training and limit setting 
- Attention training 
(Sonuga-Burke et al (2001))

Question 25

Triple-P Positive Parenting Programme

Answer 25

17 core child management strategies

• 10 competence and development
• 7 limit setting and managing disruptive behaviour

Question 26

Teacher training

Answer 26

Work with child and parents to set structure
Set tone of behavioural expectations
Positive reinforcement of god behaviour
Keep focus with concrete learning techniques building on creativity

Question 27

Ways to speak to child in teacher training

Answer 27

Address child by name
Make eye contact
Saying what not why
Clear step-by-step instructions

Question 28

Cognitive Behavioural

Answer 28

Setting rules
Clear commands
Set reasonable expectations
Using when/then to encourage good behaviour
Reward system
Change disciplinary techniques as the child gets older

Question 29

Dopamine levels in ADHD

Answer 29

May be an imbalance of dopamine in the brain
Also may be a lack of Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
These are related to rewards and control (dopamine) and stress (norepinephrine) and happiness

Question 30

What drug is used to treat ADHD?

Answer 30

Methamphetamine (Ritalin)
Stimulates CNS
Increases dopamine levels - reduces hyperactivity

Question 31

Difference between Ritalin and Amphetamine

Answer 31

Slower release
Sustained levels of stimulation
Control over dopamine levels for a long period of time

Question 32

ADHD in adult life

Answer 32

Structure - function better in jobs with function and guidance
Jobs - artists and musicians due to increases creativity
Creativity in work - work better when allowed to develop creative approaches to work