Nature-Nurture

Question 1

Tabula Rassa

Answer 1

When the child is born they are a blank tablet to be filled
Locke
Rousseau
Continuum

Question 2

John Locke

Answer 2

Empiricist (based his work on evidence)

Viewed children as a blank state

Question 3

According to John Locke, through social interaction children learn…?

Answer 3

Speech
Emotions
Morals
How to exist within society

Question 4

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Answer 4

Philosopher interested in the work of Locke
Agreed that society was a strong part in a child’s development
Children are born ‘angelic’
Coined the phrase the noble savage - a good child becomes corrupted by society and all that is wrong with it

Question 5

Nativism

Answer 5

The view that may skills or abilities are ‘native’ or hard wired into the brain at birth, the result of genetic inheritance

Question 6

Empiricism

Answer 6

The view that humans are not born with built-in ‘core knowledge’ or mental content and that all knowledge or mental content results from learning experience

Question 7

Is IQ due to nature or nurture?

Answer 7

A combination of both

Question 8

Who invented the first intelligence test?

Answer 8

Binet (1905)

Mental age

Question 9

Who introduced the intelligence quotient (IQ)?

Answer 9

Stern (1912)

IQ= (MA/CA) x 100

(Mental and chronological age)

Question 10

Jensen (1969)

Answer 10

Found that white children were more intelligent than black or low SES children
Accused of scientific racism

Question 11

More recent evidence on IQ gap

Answer 11

15-18 point gap between black and white children

Group differences are 50-80% heritable

Question 12

Correlation of IQ between pairs of identical twins is about…

Answer 12

0.87

Question 13

Correlation of IQ between pairs of identical twins reared apart is about…

Answer 13

0.75

Question 14

Correlation of IQ between pairs of dizygotic twins is about…

Answer 14

0.55

Question 15

Correlation of IQ between pairs of dizygotic twins raised apart is about…

Answer 15

0.35

Question 16

What is missing heritability?

Answer 16

The failure to find any genes associated with a cognitive ability

Question 17

How much of the variance in IQ is due to environment?

Answer 17

About 40%

Question 18

How much of the variance in IQ is due to genetics?

Answer 18

About 50%

Question 19

Breastfeeding and IQ

Answer 19

Children who are breastfed are healthier and develop higher IQs
Likely to be due to fatty acids present in breast milk
There is a gene involved in the genetic control of fatty acid pathways and has been linked to brain development
Variant of this gene allows breastfed children to score around 7 points higher on IQ tests
Another variant shows no difference in breastfeeding on IQ

Question 20

Minnesota Transracial Adoption Study (1976)

Answer 20

Tested IQ scores of black or interracial children adopted by white advantaged families
At 7 years - Black and interracial children scored above white population average
Black children adopted by age 1 scored 20 points above
At 17 years - IQ scores for all groups were lower but differences remain
Environment is important for ability at school level

Question 21

The Flynn Effect

Answer 21

Environmental effects of cognitive development
IQ rates increase by 3 points per decades in Western societies
IQ tests standardised for this

Question 22

Raven’s Progressive Matrices

Answer 22

Non-verbal tests with items arranged in order of difficulty

Scores have increased by 20 points over 50 years

Question 23

What is happening to the Flynn Effect?

Answer 23

Reducing in the UK

Increasing in China and India

Question 24

Children who have an inadequate diet have _____ brain development?

Answer 24

Reduced

Question 25

Sure start

Answer 25

Guidance on health and nutrition
Improve child behaviour through parent-child interactions
Setting expectations, limits, and consistent strategies for behaviour management and non-compliance in children