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Growth and Development > Prenatal Craniofacial Development > Flashcards

Prenatal Craniofacial Development Flashcards

1
Q

Morphogenesis of the face is a complex 3D process involving…

A

patterning, outgrowth, fusion and moulding of tissues

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2
Q

At 22 days, the head and neck region comprise ____ of the embryo

A

1/2

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3
Q

During 4th week, ventral mesoderm condenses into a series of segmented bilaterally paired, mesenchymal swellings called…

A

pharyngeal (branchial) arches

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4
Q

How many pairs of pharyngeal arches are there?

A

5 pairs

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5
Q

What does the first arch make?

A

mandibular process

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6
Q

When does the oropharyngeal membrane break down?

A

during 4th week

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7
Q

First (mandibular) arch and maxillary processes are both ______

A

paired structures
- grow ventro-laterally around the OM

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8
Q

The majority of the growth and morphological change in facial tissue masses is driven by the…

A

invading cranial neural crest-derived mesenchyme

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9
Q

The paired first pharyngeal arches only give rise to the _______ processes

A

mandibular
(his slide is funky and i hate it)

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10
Q

Where do the maxillary processes originate from?

A

separate (delayed) swellings rostral to the mandibular processes

  • distinct population of late migrating CNCC
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11
Q

Formation and invagination of nasal placodes (thickening of ectoderm) in…

A

Frontonasal Prominence (FNP)

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12
Q

What is the induction and invagination of nasal placodes similar to?

A

neural plate induction & invagination

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13
Q

What are the two types of morphological processes for “joining” tissue?

A
  • merging
  • fusion
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14
Q

What is merging?

A

joining of two masses already partly in contact

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15
Q

What is fusion?

A

joining of two separate tissue masses

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16
Q

How do the maxillary (MXP) and lateral nasal processes (LNP) come together?

A

merging

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17
Q

How do the medial nasal processes and maxillary (MXP)/lateral nasal (LNP) come together?

A

fusion

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18
Q

What does the medial nasal processes and maxillary (MXP)/lateral nasal (LNP) form together?

A

primary palate and nares (nostrils)

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19
Q

In what week do the medial nasal processes and maxillary (MXP)/lateral nasal (LNP) fuse together?

A

6th week

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20
Q

What does the secondary palate arise from?

A

the medial aspects of the MXPs > palatal shelves

21
Q

When does the secondary palate arise?

A

10th week

22
Q

After immigration of cranial neural crest cells, growth & morphogenesis of the face is controlled by ongoing…

A

epithelial-mesenchymal interactions

*dont need the rest of the embryo

23
Q

What cells primarily determine facial form/shape?

A

Cranial neural crest cells (CNCC)

24
Q

There are ______ boundaries of expression in facial ectoderm

A

defined

25
Q

Neural expression of ______ precedes (and is required for) the ectodermal expression

A

Shh/Fgf8

26
Q

Secreted factors from the FEZ can direct outgrowth of the underlying CNCC and determines D-V pattern of the

A

Frontal nasal process (FNP)
- but precise shape depends upon pattern information inherent in the neural crest

27
Q

Transplanted ectoderm retains ______ pattern of expression from originating tissue

A

FGF8/SHH

28
Q

What does the dynamic ectoderm do?

A
  1. support and direct outgrowth of the facial processes
  2. guides differeniation of CNC
  3. facilitating timely fusion of the facial processes
29
Q

Fusion of the facial processes establishes what?

A

primary palate and goes on to form the alveolus and lip proper
- full fusion is required to ensure the alveolar bone is continuous

30
Q

What is the third most common birth defect?

A

cleft lip

31
Q

What must occur for secondary palate formation?

A
  1. growth (either side of tongue)
  2. elevation and rotation
  3. medial growth and fusion at midling with nasal septum
32
Q

Ossification of the secondary palate begins just before…

A

palatal development complete

33
Q

What are the palatal shelves made of?

A

condensations of CNCC mesenchyme

34
Q

Secondary palate forms well after the…

A

primary palate/lip (around 10th week)

35
Q

What can cause cleft secondary palate?

A

1) poor growth of shelves
2) failed elevation
3) failed fusion

36
Q

It is critical that the ______ lowers to allow the shelves to rotate to a position above it

A

tongue

37
Q

What can provide a physical barrier to the secondary palate closure?

A

macroglossia (enlarged tongue)

38
Q

What is indirectly associated with failed secondary palate fusion?

A

small or retrognathic mandible (tongue is forced backward and elevated)

  • such as Pierre-Robin sequence
39
Q

Craniofacial cartilage first appears in the ________ and shortly thereafter in the midface and cranial base

A

mandible

40
Q

What provides structural support for shaping the growing head?

A

craniofacial cartilage

41
Q

The Meckel’s cartilage arises during ___ week

A

7th
- forms the template for the mandible

42
Q

What pharyngeal arch is meckels cartilage from?

A

PA 1

43
Q

What does PA 1 make besides Meckel’s cartilage?

A

two ear ossicles (parts of the malleus and incus)

44
Q

Like most facial cartilages, most is/is not converted to bone?

A

is not

45
Q

How does most of the facial cartilage become bone?

A

parts degenerate

46
Q

Is the ear formed from independent or dependent embryonic structures?

A

independent

47
Q

External and middle ear derivatives of which pharyngeal arches

A

PA1 and PA2
- intervening pharyngeal cleft & pharyngeal pouch

48
Q

Inner ear arises from…

A

thickening of ectoderm (otic placode) dorsal to PA3 at level of hindbrain and subsequent invagination (otic pit)

49
Q

Inner and outer ear malformations often associated with __________ defects

A

mandibular

Growth and Development (5 decks)

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