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Growth and Development > Molecular genetics and Early Embryonic Development > Flashcards

Molecular genetics and Early Embryonic Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is the paradigm of development?

A

In every species and at every level of organization, complex structures are made by repeating a few basic themes with variations

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2
Q

What is differentiation?

A

cells begin to form specific and specialized structures

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3
Q

What is growth?

A

cell divisions that form more cells with identical functions as the parental cell

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4
Q

What is patterning?

A

cells produced by cleavage get organized into layers and groups of cell masses through what is known as gastrulation

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5
Q

What dimensions does patterning occur in?

A
  • Anterior-Posterior (top-bottom)
  • Dorsal-Ventral (left-right)
  • Proximal-Distal (front-back)
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6
Q

What are the differnet types of craniofacial abnormalities that concern dentistry?

A
  • Malocclusion syndromes
    – Pierre-Robin
    – Treacher Collins
    – Marfan syndrome
  • Craniofacial malformations
    – Crouson
    – Apert
    – Pfeiffer
    – Clefting syndromes (lip and palate)
  • Bone Mass Traits
    – Sclerosteosis and van Buschem’s
    – High Bone Mass and OPPG
    – Paget’s Disease
  • Tooth Agenesis
  • Tooth Movement
  • Tooth Development Disorders
    – Dentinogenesis Imperfecta
    – Amelogenesis Imperfecta
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7
Q

What are the malocclusion abnormalities?

A

– Pierre-Robin
– Treacher Collins
– Marfan syndrome

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8
Q

What are the craniofacial malformations?

A

– Crouson
– Apert
– Pfeiffer
– Clefting syndromes (lip and palate)

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9
Q

What are bone mass trait abnormalities?

A

– Sclerosteosis and van Buschem’s
– High Bone Mass and OPPG
– Paget’s Disease

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10
Q

Craniofacial Anomalies Account
for ___ of All Congenital Defects

A

1/3

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11
Q

When is the greatest period of sensitivity to congenital defects?

A

3-8 weeks

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12
Q

What are the universal signaling pathways of animal development?

A
  • receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)
  • TGFB superfamily
  • Wnt
  • Hedgehog
  • Notch
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13
Q

What are the four important concepts of embryonic development?

A
  • Universal Mechanisms of Animal Development
  • Proteins can be substituted across species
  • Inductive signaling
  • Regional Determination
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14
Q

Multicellular organisms are enriched in ________ mediating cell interactions and gene regulation

A

proteins

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15
Q

Regulatory ____ defines the development program

A

DNA

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16
Q

What is asymmetric division?

A

sister cells born different

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17
Q

What is symmetric division?

A

sister cells become different as result of influences acting on them after their “birth”

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18
Q

What are the features of inductive signaling?

A
  • Starting Point (cell or cell cluster)
  • Cell – cell signaling
  • Cell signaling cascades
  • Acts over great distances
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19
Q

What is gastrulation?

A
  • Early developmental process in which the embryo (week 3 in humans) transforms from a single cell layer (blastula) into the three primary germ layers:
    – Ectoderm
    – Endoderm
    – Mesoderm
20
Q

What process does this picture show?

A

sequential induction

21
Q

What are the three primary germ layers?

A

– Ectoderm
– Endoderm
– Mesoderm

22
Q

What direction does the primitive streak form?

A

anterior to posterior
(according to her but dr.cox says opposite)

23
Q

Where does Hensen’s node form?

A

towards the anterior

24
Q

Where do somites form?

A

towards the posterior

25
Q

Race and ethnicity are social constructs or biological?

A

social constructions

26
Q

What is race versus ethnicity?

A

Race: A socially defined category, based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people.

Ethnicity: A socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history , or another cultural factor

27
Q

What is social epigenomics?

A

The impact of social and environmental factors and how that manifests biologically through genetic changes in response to those stresses

28
Q

What percent of all live births exhibit some form of minor or major abnormality?

A

3%

29
Q

How many craniofacial syndromes are there?

A

> 700 distinct syndromes

30
Q

What is needed for craniofacial development?

A
  • Neural tube development and closure
  • Formation of ectoderm, somites, mesoderm and other cell
    masses
  • Neural crest cell development, differentiation and migration
  • Tissue-tissue interactions
  • Tissue specific patterns of gene expression
  • Reciprocal Induction
  • Growth and mineralization of bones and teeth
  • Neural development
  • Muscle development
  • etc., etc., etc.

*very complicated

31
Q

What are neural crest cells?

A

Embryonic cell population that is localized between the developing neural tube and the epidermis

32
Q

What does it mean that some neural crest cells exhibit “stemness”?

A

they can give rise to multiple differentiated cell types

33
Q

During formation of craniofacial structures the neural crest cells migrate through ________ to form the developing structures

A

restricted pathways

34
Q

Cell migration is a ______ regulated process

A

tightly

35
Q

How do neural crest cells migrate?

A

bilaterally

36
Q

Over _____ genes identified that have mutations associated with tooth patterning, morphogenesis defects and cell differentiation defects

A

300

37
Q

As a collective group craniofacial
genetic diseases are the ____ common

A

most

38
Q

What are ectodermal dysplasias?

A

– >100 different disorders
– Commonly involves one or more of teeth, nails, skin, sweat glands and/or hair

39
Q

What is hypodontia?

A

missing only a few teeth

40
Q

What is oligiodontia?

A

missing more than 6 teeth, excluding third molars

41
Q

What is anodontia?

A

absence of teeth

42
Q

What are the genetic diseases of the dentition?

A
  • Ectodermal dysplasias
  • Tooth Agenesis
  • Supernumerary Teeth
  • Cleft Lip/Palate (OMIM lists 565 entries)
  • Skeletal Diseases and the Dentition
43
Q

What is microdontia?

A

one or more teeth appear
smaller

44
Q

What is macrodontia?

A

one or more teeth grow faster and exceed average size

45
Q

What drives tooth formation?

A

a homeobox

Growth and Development (5 decks)

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