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Growth and Development > Head and Neck > Flashcards

Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

Cells receive and process information from their surroundings such as…

A

extracellular matrix, secreted molecules (growth factors) from other cells, hormones, contact with other cells (tension), nutrients, oxygen levels, etc.

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2
Q

What defines the identity of each cell? (its appearance and how it behaves)

A

the complement of RNA & protein

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3
Q

Morphogenesis is ______ & _______

A

coordinated & generative

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4
Q

______ provide the blueprint that ensures we all have a maxilla and mandible and an integrated oronasal cavity, etc

A

Genes

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5
Q

_________ and differences in these non-genetic ‘instructions’ determines everything about our phenotype.

A

Gene mutation

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6
Q

What is the difference between epithelia and mesenchyme?

A

epithelia - tightly packed
mesenchyme - loosley connected

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7
Q

What do the terms ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm relate to?

A

embryonic origin of cells

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8
Q

All aspects of the craniofacial complex are defined by what axes?

A
  • Left-right
  • Dorsal-ventral
  • Anterior-posterior
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9
Q

Clinical treatments always consider:

A
  • form (eg. tooth shape, spacing, number, cusp pattern)
  • symmetry

because they are critical for function and esthetics.

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10
Q

When does the dorsal-ventral axis form?

A

the first three weeks
- apparent by blastocyst stage

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11
Q

What does the inner cell mass of the blasocyst give rise to?

A

embryo

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12
Q

When is anterior-posterior axis begin?

A

at the start of week 3
- with appearance of the primitive streak

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13
Q

What layers make up the bilaminar disc?

A

epiblast
hypoblast

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14
Q

Epiblastic cells converge at midline and…

A

ingress

*marks posterior end

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15
Q

What does the appearance of the primitive streak define?

A

defines A-P and L-R axes

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16
Q

The primitive streak furrow progresses along the midline through what process?

A

convergent extension

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17
Q

What causes the formation of the 2nd and 3rd germ layer?

A

cells of the epiblast layer migrate through the primitive streak to form mesoderm and endoderm

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18
Q

What process allows for the formation of mesoderm?

A

epithelial to mesenchyme transformation (EMT)

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19
Q

What process allows for formation of endoderm?

A

movement of epiblast to form the embryonic endoderm (both epithelia)

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20
Q

What germ layer proliferates more and why?

A

Greater proliferation of epiblast (ectoderm) because it also generates all mesoderm and embryonic endoderm

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21
Q

What end of the primitive streak is unique in appearance and function?

A

Anterior-most end (ventral side)

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22
Q

What imporant structure for anterior area of the primitive streak is conserved in all vertebrates?

A

the node

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23
Q

What is the node essential for?

A
  • patterning and induction of embryonic cells (mesoderm and embryonic endoderm)
  • establishment of the left-right symmetry
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24
Q

Factors secreted by cells of the Node induce anteriorly migrating mesoderm to form:

A
  • the prechordal plate
  • the notochord
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25
Q

What is the prechordal plate?

A
  • most anterior region of mesoderm
  • provides the signals for induction of head structures
26
Q

What is the notochord

A
  • transient epithelial-like rod structure along the midline.
  • provides the signals for induction of the neural plate
27
Q

What structure provides the signals for induction of the head?

A

the prechordal plate

28
Q

What structure provides the signals for induction of the neural plate?

A

the notochord

29
Q

What allows for the creation of asymmetry in the once symmetrical embryo?

A

the node

30
Q

What induces and specifies the fate of the mesoderm as it is formed?

A

the node

31
Q

What allows the node to establish molecular asymmetry?

A

asymmetric expression of morphogenetic factors
- initiates cascade of gene expression to promote asymmetric specialization / commitment of mesoderm

32
Q

Nodal cells each have one ____ to cause a rotational beat?

A

motile cilium

33
Q

What is a cilium?

A

a membrane covered extension from the cell that has a microtubule cytoskeleton core
- can be mechanosensory or rotational
*nodal cilia are rotational

34
Q

What does the rotational beat of nodal cilia allow for?

A

generates leftward flow, resulting in asymmetric distribution of morphogens / growth factors

35
Q

Are reproducible morphological & functional asymmetries in nearly all internal organs?

A

yes

36
Q

What can cause an effect on L-R symmetry?

A

cilia function affected; gene expression around node changes

37
Q

1 in _________ people with situs inversus (normal health)

A

8500-10000

38
Q

Is partial situs deleterious?

A

yes

39
Q

What is the precursor to brain & spinal cord?

A

neural tube

40
Q

Factors from the mesoderm
induce thickening of overlying ________

A

ectoderm
- creates neural plate

41
Q

Signals from notochord induce a
__________ to help drive folding

A

‘hinge’ point

42
Q

D-V patterning of neurons begins when?

A

the notochord induces folding

43
Q

The anterior end of the neural tube has an expanded neural plate for what reason?

A

the future brain

44
Q

Closure of neural tube proceeds in what direction?

A

anteriorly and posteriorly from mid-region

45
Q

By end of week 3, head & neck
region comprises ______ of
embryo

A

half

46
Q

What are the different defects in neural tube closure?

A
  • spina bifida (open or closed) *most common
  • iniencephaly
  • anencephaly
  • craniorachischisis
  • encephalocele
47
Q

The _________ membrane serves as
the hinge point during cephalization

A

oropharyngeal

48
Q

What does folding of the embryo create?

A
  • Concomitant with formation of
    pharyngeal arches (> face & neck)
  • Foregut and hindgut specialization
49
Q

What are the neural crest cells?

A

a unique population of (pluripotent) stem-like cells originating at the ‘crest’ of the enclosing neural tube

50
Q

What way do the neural crest cells migrate?

A

Migrate ‘ventro-laterally’ to populate the ventral side of the embryo

51
Q

What process generates the neural crest cells?

A

epithelial-mesenchymal
transformation (EMT)

*analogous to generating mesoderm

52
Q

epithelial-mesenchymal
transformation (EMT) is also a common feature of what?

A

cancer

53
Q

What do cranial neural crest cells do?

A

migration drives outgrowth of the primitive tissue masses that will form much of the head and neck

*unique in developmental potential (distinct from other neural crest cells)

54
Q

What allows for the “second wave” of development?

A

cranial neural crest cells

55
Q

What is the major contributor to craniofacial structure, and specifically to mineralized tissues of the oral region?

A

cranial neural crest cells

56
Q

What are the derivatives of the cranial neural crest cells?

A
  • sensory nervous system
  • autonomic nervous system
  • pigment cells
  • endocrine cells
  • skeleton
  • connective tissue
  • muscle

*last 3 are CNCC specific

57
Q

CNCC fate determined prior to departure from the ___________

A

neural tube

*have positional identities

58
Q

What are the visible constrictions in the neural tube?

A

rhombomeres 1-8, the diencephalon and anterior mesencephalon

*define distinct populations of CNCC and their route of migration into early facial tissue

59
Q

What defines the reproducible paths of migration for the cranial neural crest cells?

A

mesoderm

60
Q

What is coordinated morphogenesis?

A

early molecular patterning enables later coordinated tissue morphogenesis

61
Q

What type of process is embryogenesis?

A

generative

62
Q

Malformation and normal phenotypic variation can result from:

A
  • single changes in gene sequence
  • combinations of ‘normal’ gene variants
  • changes in the ‘environment’ to which cells respond

Growth and Development (5 decks)

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