Prenatal

Question 1

What is Cephalocaudal?

Answer 1

Growth from head (cephalo) to tail (caudal).

Question 2

What is Proximodistal?

Answer 2

From middle to outside.

Question 3

What is Mass to specific sequence?

Answer 3

Large structures appear before finer details (e.g. arms before fingers)

Question 4

What are the periods of the 1st Trimester?

Answer 4

Zygote, Embryo and Fetus

Question 5

For how long does the Zygotic period last?

Answer 5

week 1 to 2

Question 6

For how long does the Embryo period last?

Answer 6

week 3 to 8

Question 7

For how long does the Fetus period last?

Answer 7

week 9 to 38

Question 8

What is the Germinal stage?

Answer 8

The Germinal stage is within the first two weeks from fertilization until the blastocyst attaches itself to the uterine wall.

Question 9

What is the blastocyst?

Answer 9

The next stage of development after the zygote. The zygote already over a hundred cells at this stage. It attaches itself to the uterine wall.

Question 10

What is the Embryonic Stage?

Answer 10

The Embryonic stage or the Stage of the Embryo stems from week until week 8. Development is fast. The ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm are already there.

Question 11

What happens around the 19th day of pregnancy?

Answer 11

You can see that neural groove has been formed.

Question 12

What happens around the 3rd week of pregnancy (21-23rd day)?

Answer 12

The neural tube has been formed.

Question 13

Can you identify the upper part of the brain at the 3rd week pregnancy? The lower part? (Picture in PSYC 333)

Answer 13

The upper part is the rostral part where there neural groove appeared initially which will result in the central nervous system and the caudal part is the neural tube which will will result in the periphery system

Question 14

What happens around the 29th day of pregnancy (end of 1st month of pregnancy)?

Answer 14

The genital organs are forming and there is serious brain development.

Question 15

What happens throughout the first month up until the 2nd month of pregnancy?

Answer 15

There brain region differentiation (Forebrain = 4 lobes, Midbrain = relaying information, Hindbrain= regulating organs and bodily functions). There is also the first heartbeat and the embryo already has arms buds.

Question 16

What is the Fetal Stage?

Answer 16

The Fetal stage of the Stage of Fetus lasts from week 9 until Birth, the amniotic sac forms around the fetus, there is formation of Lanugo which covers the fetus from head to toe (fuzzy white hair) that helps the Vernix to stick and the Vernix which is a cheese-like substance protecting the skin (keep it smooth and hydrated).

Question 17

What happens throughout the 3rd-4th month of pregnancy?

Answer 17

Head growth slows
Hair develops
Cartilage to be replaced by bone

Question 18

What happens throughout the 5 and 7th month of pregnancy?

Answer 18

Movement felt by mom
Lanugo and vernix
Fetal position

Question 19

What happens throughout the 8 and 9th month of pregnancy?

Answer 19

Significant weight gain

Fetus rotates, head pointed down

Question 20

What are teratogens?

Answer 20

agent causing damage during prenatal period.

Question 21

Can you give examples of teratogens?

Answer 21

Drugs, medication, alcohol, tobacco, maternal distress, maternal infectious diseases, genetic disorders

Question 22

What can results from teratogens?

Answer 22

Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome from anything related to drugs, medications, alcohol and tobacco.
Genetics disorders are Down syndrome, Patau syndrome, Edward’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome and Kleinfelter syndrome

Question 23

What characteristics is exhibited in an infant suffering from Patau syndrome?

Answer 23

Cataracts, cleft-lip palet, problems with heart and kidneys - high rates of mortality
Very short life expectancy - around 10 years of life

Question 24

What characteristics is exhibited in an infant suffering from Edward syndrome?

Answer 24

Problems with liver, kidney, heart, severe mental capacities rare that they live after 1 y/o.
Also known trisomy 18

Question 25

What characteristics is exhibited in an infant suffering from Kleinfelter syndrome?

Answer 25

the syndrome is often undiagnosed, acne intense in adolescence, difference in height w/same age peers until roughly adulthood, much taller affects boys

Question 26

What prenatal tests can be used to detect teratogens or simply looking at the development of the fetus? (UACA)

Answer 26

Ultrasound Alpha-fetoprotein test Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) Amniocentesis

Question 27

How can we use ultrasound in pregnancy?

Answer 27

can do various tests during pregnancy - check heartbeat, confirm pregnancy, dermining due date, twins - is there something abnormal?

Question 28

How can we use alpha-fetoprotein test in pregnancy?

Answer 28

Blood test from the mother, to assess the disability that may be present - certain levels of AFT can indicate developmental problems spina bifida Can check for chromosomes disorders

Question 29

How can we use Chorionic villus sampling in pregnancy?

Answer 29

10th to 12th week of pregnancy - first trimester Sample the placental tissue Advant. can look at disorders earlier on Mostly associated with detection of down syndrome but can actually detect around 200 disorders High risk of miscarriage

Question 30

How can we use Amniocentesis in pregnancy?

Answer 30

15th week and further - 2nd trimester sampling a small amount of amniotic fluid - feotal tissue for dna to look at disorders Disadvantages: slight risks of miscarriages, risk of feotal injury

Question 31

What are the symptoms felt by the expectant mother during the first trimester?

Answer 31

Headaches, fatigue, morning sickness etc. | Miscarriages more prevalent at this time

Question 32

What are the symptoms felt by the expectant mother during the second trimester?

Answer 32

* Feeling better physically * Maternity clothes * First baby’s movement * Feelings of attachment

Question 33

What are the symptoms felt by the expectant mother during the third trimester?

Answer 33

* Physical and Emotional Symptoms * Leg cramps, backaches, insomnia * Unpleasant irregular uterine contractions * Anxious anticipation

Question 34

What are the stages of childbirth?

Answer 34

1. Dilation and effacement of cervix 2. Delivery of baby 3. Expulsion of placenta

Question 35

What threats can happen during childbirth?

Answer 35

Cervix not fully dilated Breech position: when a baby is turned so that the buttocks or feet would be delivered first Anoxia: inadequate oxygen supply during labor and delivery

Question 36

What kind of medical interventions can be used to save mother and child during difficult childbirth?

Answer 36

Episiotomy Epidural Cesarean (C-)section Isolette at NICU

Question 37

What's the APGAR scoring system? When do you use it?

Answer 37

It is use to test the newborn on various points such as activity (muscle tone), pulse, grimace, appearance and respiration to make sure the baby is healthy. A score above 7 = healthy, a score under 7= must be resuscitated. You first use it one minute after birth then 5 minute after birth