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LifeSpan Development > Infancy and Toddlerhood > Flashcards

Infancy and Toddlerhood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the predominant state of an infant?

A

Sleep

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2
Q

Which way of communication an infant uses predominantly?

A

Crying

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3
Q

What is the sleep cycle of an infant aged less than 6 months?

A

18 hours of sleep with a wake of 3 to 4 hours

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4
Q

What is the sleep cycle of an infant aged 6 months?

A

around 6 hours of sleep per night

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5
Q

What is the sleep cycle of an infant aged 1 year?

A

12 hours per night with naps during the day.

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6
Q

The Sudden Death syndrome in infants happens to 1 in 1000 infants in North America. What are the possible causes of such syndrome?

A

Possible relationship with number of neurons in the brain (arcuate nucleus).
Stomach sleeping

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7
Q

What is considered the “risk zone” for Sudden Death Syndrome in infants?

A

1 to 10 months?

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8
Q

What is the cephalocaudal trend in newborns?

A

head develops more rapidly than lower part of the body

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9
Q

What is the Proximodistal trend in newborns?

A

body grows from the center outward

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10
Q

What happens to the brain of a newborn (part I)?

A

Synaptogenesis: proliferation of neural connections

Myelination: formation of fatty layer encasing axons

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11
Q

What happens to the brain of a newborn (part II)?

A

Brain volume quadruples during first 4 years

Brain circumference increased for first 5 years

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12
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Automatic responses or actions programmed by brain centers

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13
Q

What is Experience-expectant brain growth?

A

Young brain’s rapidly developing organization, which depends on ordinary experiences
Sensitive period

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14
Q

In regard of Language, what can you expect from experience-expectant brain growth?

A

Development of primary language

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15
Q

What is the general development of experience-expectant brain growth?

A

The brain expects and is highly response to visual stimuli during sensitive periods. (general)

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16
Q

What is Experience-Dependent brain growth?

A

Refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences that vary widely across individuals and cultures
No sensitive period

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17
Q

In regard of Language, what can you expect from Experience-Dependent brain growth?

A

Development of a 2nd language (dependent on exposure to environmental stimuli)

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18
Q

What is the general development of Experience-Dependent brain growth?

A

Unique to individuals.

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19
Q

What are the elements that compose the Dynamic System?

A

Body movement capacity
Child’s goals
Environmental support for the skill

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20
Q

What are the gross motor skills for infants aged 0-5 months?

A
  1. baby keeps rolling over from front to back and vice-versa

2. Initially tries to sit with support, ability to sit independently comes soon after that.

21
Q

What are the gross motor skills for infants aged -12 months?

A
  1. Can crawl forward on his belly
  2. Can sit without support
  3. Can walk 2 or 3 steps without support
22
Q

What are the fine motor skills for infants aged 0-5 months?

A
  1. Newborn will respond by moving their arm if anything interesting catches their eyes.
  2. Can grasp small objects put in their hands
23
Q

What are the fine motor skills for infants aged 6-12 months?

A
  1. Can watch and follow objects as well as holding them for a longer period of time
  2. Shakes objects and can release them voluntarily.
24
Q

What happens to the auditory development to babies aged 0-3 months?

A

Reacts to loud sounds, quiets to familiar voices, make cooing sounds, responds to speech by looking directly at speaker’s face.

25
Q

What happens to the auditory development to babies aged 3-6 months?

A

Turn eyes or head towards sounds
starts to make speech-like sounds
Laughs and make noises to indicate pleasure or displeasure

26
Q

What happens to the auditory development to babies aged 6-9 months?

A

Babbles “dada”, “mama, “baba” (language kicks in)
Shouts/vocalize to get attention
Will often respond to “no” and own name
Respond to singing and music

27
Q

What happens to the auditory development to babies aged 9-12 months?

A

Imitates speech sounds of others
Understand simple words e.g. “dog”, “ball”
Turn head to soft sound (finer motor skills developing)
First words emerge

28
Q

What happens to the auditory development to babies aged 12-18 months?

A

Appears to understand some new words each week
Follows simple spoken instructions e.g. “get the ball”
Points to people, body parts or toys when asked.

29
Q

What is the visual acuity of a newborn?

A

20/400 visual acuity about 20 to 30 times lower than an adult

30
Q

Around what age does a baby have the same visual acuity than an adult?

A

Around 12 months

31
Q

Around what age does Depth perception occurs in babies?

A

Around 8 months - around same time they begin to look for hidden toys.

32
Q

How does a baby react with their sense of smell?

A

Turning away and expression of disgust to unpleasant odors (e.g. vinegar, strong smells)
Neonates prefer the odor of milk above anything else
Recognize mother by the smell of her breasts

33
Q

How does a baby react with their sense of taste?

A

Different taste elicit different reactions

Prefers sweet taste

34
Q

How does a baby react with their sense of touch?

A

Important for bonding - Touch of caregiver lowers stress in infants, helps development.
Gentle massaging for inattentive or agitated infants
Used to explore environment

35
Q

What does Gibson’s Differentiation theory state?

A

That perception changes and refines overtime

36
Q

How does Gibson’s Differentiation theory operate?

A

Searching for invariant features in the environment
Notice stable relationships between features, detecting patterns (e.g. detecting the voice of mother and linking it to the face of mother)
Gradually detect finer and finer features → differentiation

37
Q

What is the first stage of Piaget’s Cognitive development theory?

A

Sensorimotor - Birth to 2 years

38
Q

What development can be seen through the sensorimotor stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory?

A

Solving sensorimotor problems

All about exploration - still imitation, not much logical reasoning

39
Q

When is the sensorimotor Development considered finished?

A

When the development of language starts.

40
Q

What are the Primary Circular Reactions? What age?

A

1-4 months, movements centered around the baby’s body - mostly unintentional

41
Q

What are the Secondary Circular Reactions? What age?

A

4-12 months, repetitive habits centering on environmental objects (goal-directed behavior - actually impacts the world - The brain blossoms (rapid development of the brain)).

42
Q

What are the Tertiary Circular Reactions? What age?

A

1-2 years, repetitive habits centering around exploring objects’ properties. (More fine tuned - operating like a little scientist)

43
Q

What behaviors can be seen through the sensorimotor stage?

A

Deferred imitation

Means-end behavior (playing with food, throwing things)

44
Q

What important development is seen in the sensorimotor stage?

A

Object permanence - along w/depth perception and crawling

45
Q

What is the A-not-B error?

A

If you hide the toy under a first surface, put another surface and hide there under the second surface, the infant will still reach for the first one

46
Q

What are some criticisms of Piaget’s theory?

A

Under evaluate the months at which physical reality kicks in
Bower and Wishart (1972) “lights out” technique in 1-4 month-olds - Instead of using a sheet, they turned off the lights and filmed the infant with infrared camera - infant would still reach for the toy

47
Q

Around what age does memory appear?

A

≈9 months: remembering events from previous days

48
Q

Around what age can a baby form categories?

A

≈7-9 months: distinguishing between animals and vehicles

49
Q

Around what age can a baby understand numbers?

A

≈5 months: differentiating between different numbers

LifeSpan Development (4 decks)

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