Infancy and Toddlerhood

Question 1

What is the predominant state of an infant?

Answer 1

Sleep

Question 2

Which way of communication an infant uses predominantly?

Answer 2

Crying

Question 3

What is the sleep cycle of an infant aged less than 6 months?

Answer 3

18 hours of sleep with a wake of 3 to 4 hours

Question 4

What is the sleep cycle of an infant aged 6 months?

Answer 4

around 6 hours of sleep per night

Question 5

What is the sleep cycle of an infant aged 1 year?

Answer 5

12 hours per night with naps during the day.

Question 6

The Sudden Death syndrome in infants happens to 1 in 1000 infants in North America. What are the possible causes of such syndrome?

Answer 6

Possible relationship with number of neurons in the brain (arcuate nucleus).
Stomach sleeping

Question 7

What is considered the “risk zone” for Sudden Death Syndrome in infants?

Answer 7

1 to 10 months?

Question 8

What is the cephalocaudal trend in newborns?

Answer 8

head develops more rapidly than lower part of the body

Question 9

What is the Proximodistal trend in newborns?

Answer 9

body grows from the center outward

Question 10

What happens to the brain of a newborn (part I)?

Answer 10

Synaptogenesis: proliferation of neural connections

Myelination: formation of fatty layer encasing axons

Question 11

What happens to the brain of a newborn (part II)?

Answer 11

Brain volume quadruples during first 4 years

Brain circumference increased for first 5 years

Question 12

What are reflexes?

Answer 12

Automatic responses or actions programmed by brain centers

Question 13

What is Experience-expectant brain growth?

Answer 13

Young brain’s rapidly developing organization, which depends on ordinary experiences
Sensitive period

Question 14

In regard of Language, what can you expect from experience-expectant brain growth?

Answer 14

Development of primary language

Question 15

What is the general development of experience-expectant brain growth?

Answer 15

The brain expects and is highly response to visual stimuli during sensitive periods. (general)

Question 16

What is Experience-Dependent brain growth?

Answer 16

Refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences that vary widely across individuals and cultures
No sensitive period

Question 17

In regard of Language, what can you expect from Experience-Dependent brain growth?

Answer 17

Development of a 2nd language (dependent on exposure to environmental stimuli)

Question 18

What is the general development of Experience-Dependent brain growth?

Answer 18

Unique to individuals.

Question 19

What are the elements that compose the Dynamic System?

Answer 19

Body movement capacity
Child’s goals
Environmental support for the skill

Question 20

What are the gross motor skills for infants aged 0-5 months?

Answer 20

1. baby keeps rolling over from front to back and vice-versa

2. Initially tries to sit with support, ability to sit independently comes soon after that.

Question 21

What are the gross motor skills for infants aged -12 months?

Answer 21

1. Can crawl forward on his belly
2. Can sit without support
3. Can walk 2 or 3 steps without support

Question 22

What are the fine motor skills for infants aged 0-5 months?

Answer 22

1. Newborn will respond by moving their arm if anything interesting catches their eyes.
2. Can grasp small objects put in their hands

Question 23

What are the fine motor skills for infants aged 6-12 months?

Answer 23

1. Can watch and follow objects as well as holding them for a longer period of time
2. Shakes objects and can release them voluntarily.

Question 24

What happens to the auditory development to babies aged 0-3 months?

Answer 24

Reacts to loud sounds, quiets to familiar voices, make cooing sounds, responds to speech by looking directly at speaker’s face.

Question 25

What happens to the auditory development to babies aged 3-6 months?

Answer 25

Turn eyes or head towards sounds starts to make speech-like sounds Laughs and make noises to indicate pleasure or displeasure

Question 26

What happens to the auditory development to babies aged 6-9 months?

Answer 26

Babbles "dada", "mama, "baba" (language kicks in) Shouts/vocalize to get attention Will often respond to "no" and own name Respond to singing and music

Question 27

What happens to the auditory development to babies aged 9-12 months?

Answer 27

Imitates speech sounds of others Understand simple words e.g. "dog", "ball" Turn head to soft sound (finer motor skills developing) First words emerge

Question 28

What happens to the auditory development to babies aged 12-18 months?

Answer 28

Appears to understand some new words each week Follows simple spoken instructions e.g. "get the ball" Points to people, body parts or toys when asked.

Question 29

What is the visual acuity of a newborn?

Answer 29

20/400 visual acuity about 20 to 30 times lower than an adult

Question 30

Around what age does a baby have the same visual acuity than an adult?

Answer 30

Around 12 months

Question 31

Around what age does Depth perception occurs in babies?

Answer 31

Around 8 months - around same time they begin to look for hidden toys.

Question 32

How does a baby react with their sense of smell?

Answer 32

Turning away and expression of disgust to unpleasant odors (e.g. vinegar, strong smells) Neonates prefer the odor of milk above anything else Recognize mother by the smell of her breasts

Question 33

How does a baby react with their sense of taste?

Answer 33

Different taste elicit different reactions | Prefers sweet taste

Question 34

How does a baby react with their sense of touch?

Answer 34

Important for bonding - Touch of caregiver lowers stress in infants, helps development. Gentle massaging for inattentive or agitated infants Used to explore environment

Question 35

What does Gibson's Differentiation theory state?

Answer 35

That perception changes and refines overtime

Question 36

How does Gibson's Differentiation theory operate?

Answer 36

Searching for invariant features in the environment Notice stable relationships between features, detecting patterns (e.g. detecting the voice of mother and linking it to the face of mother) Gradually detect finer and finer features → differentiation

Question 37

What is the first stage of Piaget's Cognitive development theory?

Answer 37

Sensorimotor - Birth to 2 years

Question 38

What development can be seen through the sensorimotor stage of Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory?

Answer 38

Solving sensorimotor problems | All about exploration - still imitation, not much logical reasoning

Question 39

When is the sensorimotor Development considered finished?

Answer 39

When the development of language starts.

Question 40

What are the Primary Circular Reactions? What age?

Answer 40

1-4 months, movements centered around the baby's body - mostly unintentional

Question 41

What are the Secondary Circular Reactions? What age?

Answer 41

4-12 months, repetitive habits centering on environmental objects (goal-directed behavior - actually impacts the world - The brain blossoms (rapid development of the brain)).

Question 42

What are the Tertiary Circular Reactions? What age?

Answer 42

1-2 years, repetitive habits centering around exploring objects' properties. (More fine tuned - operating like a little scientist)

Question 43

What behaviors can be seen through the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 43

Deferred imitation | Means-end behavior (playing with food, throwing things)

Question 44

What important development is seen in the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 44

Object permanence - along w/depth perception and crawling

Question 45

What is the A-not-B error?

Answer 45

If you hide the toy under a first surface, put another surface and hide there under the second surface, the infant will still reach for the first one

Question 46

What are some criticisms of Piaget's theory?

Answer 46

Under evaluate the months at which physical reality kicks in Bower and Wishart (1972) “lights out” technique in 1-4 month-olds - Instead of using a sheet, they turned off the lights and filmed the infant with infrared camera - infant would still reach for the toy

Question 47

Around what age does memory appear?

Answer 47

≈9 months: remembering events from previous days

Question 48

Around what age can a baby form categories?

Answer 48

≈7-9 months: distinguishing between animals and vehicles

Question 49

Around what age can a baby understand numbers?

Answer 49

≈5 months: differentiating between different numbers