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Anesthesiology > Premedication drugs > Flashcards

Premedication drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Premedication drug classes (5)

A

 Phenothiazine derivatives
 Butyrophenones
 Benzodiazepines

 Alpha-2-agonists
 Opioids

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2
Q

Name 2 classes of tranquilizers

A

phenothiazines (acepromazine)
butyrophenones (azaperone)

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3
Q

ace causes emesis or nah

A

powerful antiemetic action in acepromazine

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4
Q

acepromazine effects on respiration and heart rate

A

little effect on resp. (RR may decrease but minute volume remains unchanged)

HR effects quite minimal and is antiarrhythmic

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5
Q

main side effects of ace

A

hypothermia
hypotension (vasodilation)

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6
Q

In which breed of dog should you avoid the use of ace?

A

Some Boxers are highly sensitive to
even small doses of acepromazine given by any route
 Vasovagal syncope
 Orthostatic hypotension
 Bradycardia

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7
Q

side effect of ace in large animals?

A

ACP causes paralysis of the retractor penis and protrusion of the flaccid penis from the prepuce in bulls and stallions

In stallions physical damage to the
dangling penis may result in swelling and failure of the organ

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8
Q

When used as a premedication in horses, ace reduces

A

the incidence of death associated with anesthesia and surgery in HORSES

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9
Q

onset of action and time of effect of acepromazine

A

30-45min given im or sc;
5-6h duration (up to 12h in eq)

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10
Q

azaperone is used as

A

a sedative and as a preanesthetic medicant in pigs. prevents aggression, used in transport.

is a butyrophenone

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11
Q

Name 5 alfa2 agonists.

A

 Xylazine (Rompun)
 Detomidine (Domosedan)
 Medetomidine (Domitor)
 Dexmedetomidine (Dexdomitor, Cepedex)
 Romifidine (Sedivet)

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12
Q

Arrhythmias are common with

A

xylazine

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13
Q

alfa2agonists may cause what GI changes in ruminants?

A

 Bloat in ruminants and ruminal atony
 Hypersalivation
 Diarrhea in ruminants after use

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14
Q

Diff between dex- and medetomidine.

A

Dex- is the left-enantiomer of medetomidine. Same formula, structure but left-mirrored and thus chirality meaning differing properties.

Dex is used at half the dose that med. is used at.

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15
Q

Name 3 alfa2-ANTagonists (reversal agents).

A

 Atipamezole
 Tolazoline
 Yohimbine

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16
Q

What Antagonizes effects of xylazine in horses

A

Tolazoline

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17
Q

Describe Morphine

A

 Gold standard opioid
 Profound analgesia

 Onset time 10 min after IV-administration and 15 min after IM
 Administered every 4 hours in dogs and horses and every 6 hours in cats

 Vomiting

18
Q

Describe Methadone (Insistor)

A

 Synthetic full μ-agonist
 Very good analgesia

 Onset (fast) and duration similar to morphine (4-6h)

 Much less likely to induce vomiting
 Safe for IV-injection

19
Q

Describe Fentanyl

A

 Synthetic opioid
 Pure μ-agonist

 50X more potent than morphine
 Rapid onset of action (1 – 2 min)
 Short-acting - duration of effect of single dose 20 min

 Good for induction protocol in cardiovascularly unstable animal

20
Q

Describe butorphanol (torphadine)

A

 κ-opioid receptor-agonist/
partial agonist and antagonist activity at the μ-opioid receptor

 Sedation provided by agonism of kappa-receptors

 Has the ability to reverse the effect of μ-agonists (in case of
respiratory depression)

 Safe, high terapeutic index
 Minimal cardiovascular and respiratory effects

 Good analgesic for cats and ferrets
 Provides only mild sedation when used alone

 Onset time 5 - 15 min and duration is around 1 hour

21
Q

describe Buprenorphine

A

 Partial μ-agonist
 25 times more potent than morphine

 Onset of action is 45 min
 Long duration (6 - 8 hours)

 Good analgesia
 Very effective in chronic pain

22
Q

Name 3 Opioid Antagonists

A

 Naloxone (emergency)
 Naltrexone (longer term)
 Diprenorphine (wildlife)

23
Q

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is

A

the primary physiological inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS

24
Q

Benzodiazepines enhance

A

the GABA-receptor’s affinity for endogenous GABA (increased effect)

Lack of direct agonist activity leads to a very wide safety margins

25
Q

NAme a GABA antagonist

A

also known as a benzo antagonist: Flumazenil

 Bind GABA receptors competitively
 High affinity
 Short acting, resedation possible
 Expensive
 Side effects

26
Q

Premedication drugs that cause hypotension (2)

A

acepromazine
azaperone

benzos and opioids in high doses

27
Q

Premedication drugs that cause hypertension (2)

A

alfa2 agonists (medetomidine especially)

28
Q

On which receptors does azaperone act?

A

alfa 1 and dopamine (ANT-)

29
Q

What class does midazolam belong to?

A

benzodiazepines

30
Q

What anesthetic drug can be used to increase HR?

A

ketamine, tiletamine

31
Q

what premed causes increased urine production?

A

dexmedetomidine
(alfa 2 agonists)

32
Q

what is sick sinus syndrome?

A

is a group of heart rhythm problems due to problems with the sinus node

Sick sinus syndrome can result in a variety of symptoms, including a slow or irregular heart rate (bradycardia or tachycardia), heart palpitations, fainting, dizziness, fatigue, shortness of breath, and chest pain.

33
Q

trazodone in finnish and brand name

A

tratsodoni
Azona

34
Q

ace paste

A

acepromazine paste called sedazine or tranquigel

35
Q

butorphanol does not provide what

A

it is a kappa agonist which means it is sedative.

it does not produce analgesia in dogs and only very minorly in cats.

36
Q

2nd degree AV block also known as?

A

Mobitz II

a type of heart block where the electrical conduction between the atria and ventricles is delayed, resulting in an intermittent failure of atrial impulses to conduct to the ventricles.

In Mobitz II, there is a consistent ratio between conducted P waves and QRS complexes, but there is at least one non-conducted P wave (missing QRS complex) in the rhythm strip. Typically, the PR interval is fixed or progressively increases before the dropped beat (P wave not followed by a QRS complex).

37
Q

When should you treat PVC?

A

premature ventricular contraction

In most cases, PVCs don’t require treatment, especially if they are infrequent and not causing symptoms.

But when blood pressure is affected, administer lidocaine iv.

38
Q

If your ecg trace is wide in some way, ie. wide and bizarre QRS complex, this indicates?

A

a ventricular issue

39
Q

escape rhythms are treated with?

A

atropine

do NOT administer lidocaine, this will kill the patient!

40
Q

veterinary patients are shocked/defibrillated on two occasions:

A

ventricular tachycardia

ventricular fibrillation

41
Q

What heart conditions are treated with iv lidocaine?

A

antiarrhythmic medication, is often used to treat certain types of heart rhythm problems, particularly ventricular arrhythmias.

Anesthesiology (15 decks)

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