Preload and afterload Flashcards

1
Q

What is preload?

A

Force of Stretching of heart during diastole, increases SV - Starling’s law

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2
Q

What is contractility and what is it due to?

A

Strength of contraction at a given diastolic loading, due to sympathetic nerves + circulating adrenaline increasing [Ca2+ ]i
(Heart rate and Contractility session)

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3
Q

What is afterload?

A

Force that opposes ejection, reduces SV - Laplaces law

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4
Q

What is energy of contraction?

A

Energy of contraction is the amount of work
required to generate stroke volume

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5
Q

What are the 2 functions stroke work carries out?

A
  1. Increases chamber pressure>aortic pressure(Isovolumetric contraction)
  2. Ejection
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6
Q

What is starling’s law of the heart?

A

Energy of contraction of cardiac muscle is
proportional to the muscle fibre length at rest

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7
Q

What is the meaning of starling’s law of the heart?

A

Greater stretch of ventricle in diastole (resting muscle)
Greater energy of contraction
Greater SV achieved in systole (contracting muscle)
Intrinsic property of cardiac muscle (nerves, hormones etc. not involved)

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8
Q

What is involved in ventricular function curve?

A
  1. Normal resting filling pressure
    -An increase or decrease in filling can result in considerable changes in stroke volume
  2. Excess filling or an overstretched muscle will lead to a reduction in stroke volume
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9
Q

What is the molecular basis of starling’s law in un-stretched fibre?

A

Overlapping actin/myosin
- Mechanical inference -
Less cross-bridge formation
available for contraction

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10
Q

What is the molecular basis of starling’s law in stretched fibre?

A

Less overlapping actin/myosin
- Less mechanical inference -
Potential for more cross-bridge formation
Increased sensitivity to Ca2+ ions

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11
Q

What does starling’s law of the heart balance outputs of and what does this prevent?

A

Balances outputs of the RV and LV
Prevents fluid congestion in heart

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12
Q

What is starling’s law of the heart responsible for?

A

-Responsible for fall in cardiac output following
a drop in blood volume
-Responsible for fall in cardiac output during orthostasis (standing)
leading to postural hypotension (dizziness, fainting)

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13
Q

What does starling’s law of the heart contribute to?

A

Contributes to increased cardiac output during exercise

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14
Q

What does starling’s law of the heart restore in response to IV fluids?

A

Restores stroke volume and cardiac output in response
to intravenous fluid transfusions

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15
Q

What does the breakdown of starling’s law contribute to?

A

Breakdown of Starling’s law contributes
to development of cause heart failure

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16
Q

What is afterload?

A

Afterload opposes ejection of blood from the heart

17
Q

What is afterload determined by?

A

Afterload is determined by Wall Stress - force through the heart wall
More energy of contraction needed to overcome Wall Stress to produce ejection
Heart doesn’t function as efficiently with Wall Stress

18
Q

What does laplace’s law describe and what is the equation?

A

Laplace’s law describes parameters that determine Afterload/Wall Stress (S):
Pressure (P), Radius (r), wall thickness
S=P x r/2w

19
Q

What is an increased afterload produced by?

A

produced by increasing
Pressure and Radius

20
Q

What is reduced afterload produced by?

A

produced by increasing Wall
Thickness

21
Q

How does a small ventricle radius impact afterload?

A

-Greater wall curvature
-More Wall Stress directed towards
centre of chamber
-Less wall stress directed through
heart wall
-Better ejection

22
Q

How does a larger ventricle radius impact afterload?

A

-Less wall curvature
-More Wall Stress directed
through heart wall
-More Afterload
-Less Ejection

23
Q

What does laplace’s law state in terms of pressure?

A

Laplaces law states that increased arterial blood pressure leads to Increased Afterload/Wall Stress – Reduced ejection

24
Q

What are the consequences of chronic high arterial blood pressure?

A
  1. Increased afterload/Wall stress
    -Increased energy expenditure to maintain stroke volume
    -Ultimately decreased SV/CO-poor blood flow to end organs
25
Q

What type of heart failure does an increased radius lead to?

A

Volume-overload heart failure
-MI causes poor stroke volume/ejection fraction and so blood volume remains in heart

26
Q

What type of heart failure does an increased pressure lead to?

A

P : Pressure-overload heart failure
-hypertension causes increased afterload which heart must work against

27
Q

How does the heart compensate to increased radius/pressure?

A

-Increased r/P will increase wall stress(afterload) - opposes ejection
-Increased Wall Thickness (w) leads to hypertrophy (greater myocyte size)
-Same Wall Stress but now over greater area (more sarcomeres)
-Less Wall stress per sarcomere
-Less opposition to contraction of sarcomeres
-Greater SV/CO

28
Q

Why is the compensatory act by the heart due to increased radius/pressure not ideal?

A

This requires more energy (as more sarcomeres used)
Greater O2 use, ultimately decreases contractility - heart failure

29
Q

How does laplace’s law oppose starling’s law at rest?

A

-Increased Pre-load leads to increased chamber radius
-Laplace’s law states that this will increase Afterload
-This will opposes ejection of blood from a ‘full’ chamber
-In healthy heart - Starling’s Law overcomes Laplace’s law to maintain good ejection

30
Q

What does laplace’s law facilitate?

A

Facilitates ejection during contraction
-Ventricular contraction leads to reduced chamber radius
-Laplace’s law states this will reduce afterload/ in emptying chamber
-Aids ejection during reduced ventricular ejection phase of cardiac cycle

31
Q

How does laplace’s law contribute to a failing heart?

A

In a failing heart - chambers often dilated - increased radius
Reduction in ejection as Laplace’s law dictates that there is increased Afterload opposing ejection

32
Q

What does an increased preload have an effect on left ventricular pressure-volume loop?

A

e.g. events that increase venous return such as venoconstriction during exercise or administration of intravenous fluids
-Increased end-diastolic volume, Increased Starling’s law, Increased SV

33
Q

What does a decreased preload have an effect on left ventricular pressure-volume loop?

A

Events causing a loss of blood volume, e.g. haemorrhage, dehydration
-Decrease in EDV, decreasing in Starling’s law, decreased SV

34
Q

What does an increased afterload have an effect on left ventricular pressure-volume loop?

A

e.g. chronic hypertension
-Increased isovolumetric contraction to overcome greater aortic pressure and
open aortic valves for ejection, Less energy left for ejection, reduced SV